International Law and the Rule of Law under Extreme Conditions - An Economic Perspective. Contributions to the XIVth Travemünde Symposium on the Economic Analysis of Law (March 27-29, 2014)

Cover

Preface

Table of Contents

Eli M. Salzberger: The Rule of Law Under Extreme Conditions and International Law: Introductory Notes

A. The Rule of Law in International Law, or the Rule of Law in the International Arena

I. The rule of law in the context of the state

II. The rule of law in the international arena

B. The Rule of Law and Extreme Conditions: National Law and International Law

I. The rule of law under extreme conditions and the theory of the state

II. The normative (economic) theory of the state - foundations

III. The normative (economic) theory of the state – implementation I: representative democracy

IV. The normative (economic) theory of the state – implementation II – the structure of government

V. The rule of law under extreme conditions in the international arena or in international law

C. Extreme Conditions as Affecting the Rule of Law

I. Characterizing extreme conditions: national law and international law

II. A possible concept of the rule of law and extreme conditions

III. A Law and Economics approach to the rule of law under extreme conditions: A methodological note

IV. Models of the rule of law under extreme conditions in the literature

Ex-ante models

During models

Ex-post models

D. Conclusion

References

Hans-Joachim Heintze: Sovereignty and the “Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters”

A. Framework of the Codification by the International Law Commission (ILC)

B. Challenge of the ‘sovereignty’ concept and politicization

C. Right to humanitarian assistance

D. ILC Draft Articles

I. The R2P issue

II. Definition

III. Cooperation

IV. Principles of protection

1. Responsibility of the affected State

2. Duty to seek assistance

3. External assistance

E. Conclusion

Wolfgang Weigel: Comment on Hans-Joachim Heintze

A. Overview

B. A Critical Appraisal

Bibliography

Bulbul Khaitan: Discussion on Hans-Joachim Heintze

Peter Lewisch: International Catastrophes – an Obligation to Cooperate?

A. Introduction

B. Analytical part

I. Consent, lack of consent and “assumed consent”

II. External effects

III. Principal-Agent-Relationship

IV. Obligation to actively provide assistance?

C. Duty to cooperate under international law?

I. Introduction

II. Overview of legal instruments

III. Current developments: Issues under International Law

1. Definition of “Disaster”

2. The tension between sovereignty rights and the obligation to cooperate with regard to outside assistance

a) Duty to accept assistance in case of disaster?

b) Duty to provide requested assistance?

IV. The work by the International Law Commission: Draft Articles on the “Protection of persons in the event of disasters”

1. Goals, scope, and general framework

2. Basic principles (international cooperation, rights-based approach)

3. Sovereignty rights and tasks versus responsibility to protect

a) Overview

b) The affected state’s protective task and duties vis-à-vis recourse to external assistance

c) External assistance and the affected state’s (required) consent

4. Ancillary provisions

5. Current status and outlook

Bibliography

Matthias Lemke: Comment on Peter Lewisch

A. What we know

B. Issues still to be addressed

C. Concluding remark

Bibliography

Katharina Pfaff: Discussion on Peter Lewisch

Hans-Heinrich Trute: How to Deal with Pandemics

A. Pandemics: A global governance problem

I. International health law: A long tradition

II. What is a pandemic?

III. The importance of knowledge, institutions and international cooperation

1. The importance of knowledge

2. The institutionalization of a surveillance scheme

3. Uncertainty as part of the scheme

4. Inequalities: The gap between developing and developed countries and between rich and poor

B. The legal design of the administrative network: the international dimension

1. The constitution of the WHO

2. The International Health Regulations (2005): The basic legal frame

3. The establishment of a public health network

4. National IHR Focal Points

5. Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)

6. Notification, assessment and information

7. Using other sources of knowledge

8. Temporary recommendations

I. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework (PIP): A new approach

1. GISRS

2. The benefit sharing system

3. Inclusion of third parties

4. Governance aspects

II. Non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical measures

C. The European dimension: surveillance, assistance and advice

I. Networks of surveillance, alert and response

II. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

III. Adaption of the frame

D. The national system: Germany as an example

I. The legislative and administrative design in Germany

1. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI)

2. The responsibility of the federal states

3. Coordination by emergency plans

II. The architecture according to the IfSG

1. Emphasis on cooperation

2. Surveillance and notification

3. Possible measures to be taken

a) Measures of prevention

b) The importance of vaccination

c) Protective measures

E. Conclusions

Bibliography

Andreas Nicklisch: Comment on Hans-Heinrich Trute

A. Social Dilemma

B. Stimulating Cooperation

C. Sanctions

D. Conclusions

Bibliography

Felix Hadwiger / Ines Reith: Discussion on Hans-Heinrich Trute

Thilo Marauhn: An Analysis of International Law Applicable to the Use of Drones

A. Introduction: Debates and Terminology

I. Public Debates and Their Challenges

II. Drones – their Terminological Setting in Public International Law

B. Situations

I. Situations of Public Emergency – Derogating From Human Rights

II. Non-International Armed Conflicts

III. International Armed Conflicts

C. Rules

I. Drones in International Armed Conflict Situations

II. The Use of Drones in Non-International Armed Conflict

III. The Use of Drones Outside Armed Conflicts

D. Compliance

E. Conclusion

Amnon Reichman: Comment on Thilo Marauhn

Agnes Strauß: Discussion on Thilo Marauhn

Heike Krieger: Conceptualizing Cyberwar: Changing the Law by Imagining Extreme Conditions?

A. Introduction

B. The Paradigm Change in Security Policy and the Need to “Hype Cyberwar”

C. Impact on the Legal Discourse on the Use of Force

I. Increasing Interpretative Insecurities

II. Legitimizing the Use of Force

1. The Problem of Countermeasures

2. The Problem of Attribution

D. Impact on the Human Rights Discourse

E. The Way Ahead

Bibliography

Jerg Gutmann: Comment on Heike Krieger

A. Introduction

B. Is Cyberwar Different?

C. The Economic Point of View

D. Conclusion

Bibliography

Mariia Parubets / Junjie Zheng: Discussion on Heike Krieger

Tim Krieger / Daniel Meierrieks: How to Deal with International Terrorism

A. The Terrorist Challenge to the Rule of Law and to International Law

B. Defining and Modeling International Terrorism: The Rational-Choice Approach

C. Implications of the Rational-Choice Model for Counter-Terrorism Policies

D. International Policy Coordination

E. Learning from 9/11: An Evaluation of Cost-Raising Counter-Terrorism Policies

F. Improving the Environment in Terrorism-Exporting Countries

G. Conclusions

Bibliography

Stefan Oeter: Comment on Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks

A. General Frame

B. Definition of Terrorism and the Challenge of Modeling the ‘Rationality’ of Terrorist Actors

C. Modes of Reaction

D. Criminal Justice and International Cooperation in Police and Justice Matters as the Primary Level of Response

E. The Temptation of Revenge: Military Reactions to Transnational Terrorism and the Risks of the ‘War on Terror’

F. Conclusions

Bibliography

Marek Endrich: Discussion on Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks

Martina Caroni: Legitimate, but Illegal? From Humanitarian Intervention to Responsibility to Protect and Beyond

A. Introduction

B. The Era of Classical International Law

C. Transition to Modern International Law

D. Humanitarian Intervention

E. Development of Responsibility to Protect

F. Further Development and Current Status of Responsibility to Protect

G. All’s Well that Ends Well?

I. SC Resolution 1973 did not break new ground

II. Third Pillar of R2P not acknowledged in SC Resolution 1973

III. Abuse of Power by the Allied Forces in Libya?

IV. Veto power vs. R2P’s Third Pillar: The Case of Syria

H. Conclusion: How to Make the Third Pillar Operational?

Bibliography

Gad Barzilai: Comment on Martina Caroni

Bulbul Khaitan: Discussion on Martina Caroni

Roland Vaubel: The Breakdown of the Rule of Law in the Euro-Crisis: Implications for the Reform of the Court of Justice of the European Union

A. Introduction

B. The breakdown of the rule of law in the wake of the European sovereign debt crisis

I. The bailout

II. Conditionality

III. Macroeconomic policy co-ordination

IV. The purchase of government bonds by the European Central Bank

V. The supervision of Euro area banks by the ECB

VI. Transparency at the ECB

VII. Explaining the breakdown of the rule of law

C. Reforming the Court of Justice of the European Union

I. The status quo

II. Explaining the Court’s centralizing bias

III. Reforming the CJEU

Bibliography

Martin Nettesheim: Comment on Roland Vaubel

I.

II.

III.

Michael Fehling: Comment on Roland Vaubel

A. Introduction

B. Rule of law and law interpretation on European level

I. The rule of law as a cornerstone of the European legal architecture

II. A more complex view on law interpretation

III. Changing law interpretation in the light of a severe (economic) crisis?

C. Reform of the European Court of Justice

I. The problem of centralization bias in historic perspective

II. Convincing and less convincing reform proposals

D. Concluding remarks

Bibliography

Kevin Dünisch: Discussion on Roland Vaubel

August Reinisch: Rules for an Orderly Insolvency of States?

A. Introduction

B. Ignoring the Problem

C. Triggering Enforcement Action

D. Seeking Negotiated Solutions

E. New Rules for an Orderly Insolvency of Sovereign States

I. The Preferred Treaty Solution

1. Protection of the fulfilment of core governmental tasks of the sovereigndebtor

2. Reduction of the total outstanding debt burden

3. Equal treatment of creditors

II. The Binding Effect of the Treaty Solution

F. Conclusions

Hans-Bernd Schäfer: Comment on August Reinisch

A. Can collective action clauses substitute for a sovereign insolvency procedure under public international law?

B. The emergence of a bankruptcy procedure in the Euro-zone

Felix Hadwiger / Ines Reith: Discussion on August Reinisch

Short Biographies

Index