Performance Psychology - Perception, Action, Cognition, and Emotion

Performance Psychology

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

WHAT IS PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY?

WHAT COMPONENTS OF PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY ARE CONSIDERED?

HOW IS THE BOOK STRUCTURED?

Section A - What is Performance Psychology?

Overview

1 - The Building Blocks of Performance: An Overview

PERCEPTION

ACTION

COGNITION

EMOTION

REFERENCES

2 - Theoretical Framework of Performance Psychology: An Action Theory Perspective

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY

Performance and Psychology

Structure of Performance Orientation

Characteristics of Peak Performance

The Action Paradigm—A Meta-Theoretical Perspective on Performance

The Primacy of Action

Intention—The Organizing Principle of Action

The Action Space and Its Situational Configuration

The Functional Architecture of Actions

System Levels of Action Organization

The Phase Structure of Actions

Functional Systems of Action Control

Functionality of Emotional Processes with Special Reference to Performance

Multifacetedness and Functional Complexity

Functional Disturbances

Options in Emotional Processing

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

3 - Measurement Considerations in Performance Psychology

Measurement Considerations in Performance Psychology

TYPES OF MEASURES

Quantitative Measures

The Concept of Reliability

The Concept of Validity

Statistical Power and Sample Size

Administering and Interpreting Performance Measures

Qualitative Measures

Sampling: The Importance of Case Selection

Methodological Triangulation and Interpretative Pluralism

Transferability of Measures and Research Outcomes

MEASUREMENT AND THEORY DEVELOPMENT

Alternative Models

The Principle of Parsimony

TWO-PARAMETER MODEL FOR CAPTURING THE COGNITIVE–AFFECTIVE–BEHAVIORAL LINKAGE IN PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY

NEW TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

4 - Applications within Performance Psychology

FUNCTIONS OF APPLIED PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY

THE ROAD TO EXCELLENCE

DEVELOPING AN ECOLOGICALLY APPROPRIATE PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM IN MUSIC

CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY

Phase 1—Orientation

Phase 2—Activity Analysis

Phase 3—Individual/Team Assessment

Phase 4—Conceptualization

Phase 5—Psychological Skills Training

Phase 6—Implementation

Phase 7—Evaluation

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Section B - Performance Phenomena of Cognitive–Action Interaction

Overview

5 - Bridging the Gap between Action and Cognition: An Overview

COGNITION AND ACTION

THE YIPS IN GOLF

Neurological Origin: Focal Dystonia

Psychological Origin: Choking

Motor Origin: Dynamic Stereotype

Diagnosing and Treating the Yips

THE EDUCATION OF SOCCER COACHES

TALENT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE SPORTS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

6 - Improving Performance by Means of Action–Cognition Coupling in Athletes and Coaches

THE PROFESSION OF COACHING

PURPOSE

DEVELOPMENT OF COACHING EXPERTISE

History of Leadership in Sport

Behavioral Theories

Situational Theories

Multidimensional Model of Leadership

Member Characteristics and Coach Behavior

Gender

Age and Experience

Psychological Qualities

Coach Behavior and Satisfaction

Coach Behavior and Performance

Summary of Leadership in Sport

ATHLETE PERCEPTIONS OF SUCCESSFUL COACHING

EXPECTANCY EFFECTS IN COMPETITIVE SPORT

Step 1—Coach Develops Expectations for Athlete Performance

Step 2—Expectations Influence Coaching Behaviors

Step 3—Perceptions of Coach Behavior Affects Athletes

Step 4—Athlete Performance Conforms to Coach Expectations

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

7 - Music Performance: Expectations, Failures, and Prevention

COMMUNALITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPORTS AND MUSIC PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCE FAILURES IN MUSICIANS

Music Performance Anxiety

Choking under Pressure

Dynamic Stereotype

Musician’s Dystonia

IMPROVING PERFORMANCE IN MUSICIANS

A HEURISTIC MODEL OF PERFORMANCE FAILURES IN MUSICIANS

CONCLUSION: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

8 - Motor Imagery and Mental Training in Older Adults

MOTOR IMAGERY AS A PREREQUISITE FOR MENTAL TRAINING

MOTOR IMAGERY AND MENTAL TRAINING IN OLDER ADULTS

MENTAL BALANCE TRAINING FOR POSTURAL CONTROL

Method

Participants

Postural Control

Self-Efficacy

Interviews

Intervention Procedures

Relaxation

MI Ability

Balance Experience

Mental Training for Balance Tasks

Reflection

Results and Discussion

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

REFERENCES

Section C - Dysfunctional Learning, Errors, and Other Performance Phenomena of Perception–Cognition Interactions

9 - Bridging the Gap between Perception and Cognition: An Overview

NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF COGNITIVE MECHANISMS GUIDING PERCEPTION AND ACTION

Prefrontal Cortex and Attentional Selection

“The Winner Takes It All”

The Role of Dopamine

COGNITIVE MODELS: DRIFT DIFFUSION

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

10 - Performance and Error Monitoring: Causes and Consequences

THEORIES OF ERROR PROCESSING

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES WHEN MEASURING RESPONSE-RELATED EEG ACTIVITY

PREDICTING ERRORS

Predicting Behavioral Adaptation

Individual Differences and Error Monitoring

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

11 - Committing Errors as a Consequence of an Adverse Focus of Attention

“SERIOUS” ERRORS IN THE COURSE OF PERCEPTION

SELECTIVE ATTENTION AS BIASED COMPETITION

SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND CHANGE BLINDNESS

PERCEPTUAL ERRORS UNDER CONDITIONS OF INATTENTION

Electrophysiological Evidence for the Role of Selective Attention in Change Detection

SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND VISUAL AWARENESS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

12 - Lifestyle and Interventions for Improving Cognitive Performance in Older Adults

COGNITIVE LEISURE ACTIVITY

Cognitive Training: Intervention Studies

Physical Training: Intervention Studies

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Section D - Self-Other Perceptions and Other Performance Phenomena of Perception-Action Interactions

13 - Bridging the Gap between Perception and Action: An Overview

HOW DOES PERCEPTION AFFECT ACTION?

HOW DOES ACTION AFFECT PERCEPTION?

ONLINE AND OFFLINE EFFECTS OF THE PERCEPTION–ACTION LINK

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

REFERENCES

14 - Capturing Motion for Enhancing Performance: An Embodied Cognition Perspective on Sports and the Performing Arts

OVERVIEW OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES

OVERVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

Research in the Performing Arts

Research in Sports

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

15 - Auditory Action Perception

AUDITORY PERCEPTION

AUDITORY ACTION PERCEPTION

BIDIRECTIONAL ACTION PERCEPTION COUPLING

INTERNAL MODEL AND REAFFERENCES

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Auditory Action Perception with Natural Movement Sounds

Auditory Action Perception with Artificial Movement Sounds (Sonification)

Motor Perception

Motor Control and Learning

Outlook in Applied Fields

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH

REFERENCES

16 - Visual Perception in Expert Action

STATE OF RESEARCH

Temporal Aspects of Visual Perception and Action

Offline Use of Visual Information for the Control of Action

Online Use of Visual Information for the Control of Action

Timing of Optical Information Pick-Up

Spatial Aspects of Visual Perception and Action

APPLIED SCIENCE: THE VISUAL CONTROL OF BASKETBALL SHOOTING

Reinterpretation of Previous Studies

Methodological Considerations

FUTURE RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Section E - Performance under Pressureof Individuals or Teamsand Other Performance Phenomena of Emotion–Cognition Interactions

17 - Bridging the Gap between Emotion and Cognition: An Overview

EMOTIONS AND OTHER AFFECTIVE PHENOMENA

COGNITION: A NECESSARY DISTINCTION BETWEEN EXECUTIVE AND NON-EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

PERFORMANCE-ORIENTED THEORIES BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN EMOTION AND COGNITION

General Emotion–Performance Theories

The Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory

Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning

The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat

Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes

Performance-Oriented Emotion–Cognition Theories

Boxes and Arrows Frameworks

Theory of Reinvestment

Attentional Control Theory

Neurovisceral Integration Model

A Critical View of the Theories Reviewed

CONTENT OF SECTION E

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

18 - Performing under Pressure: Influence of Personality-Trait-Like Individual Differences

PTLIDS AND THE INFLUENCE ON PERFORMANCE UNDER PRESSURE

Competitive Trait Anxiety

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Trait Emotional Intelligence

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Hardiness

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Mental Toughness

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Optimism and Pessimism

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Perfectionism

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Reinvestment

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Resilience

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

Sensation Seeking (Risk Taking)

Definition and Background

Influence on Performance under Pressure

PTLID Summary

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS WITHIN PTLID RESEARCH

Integrating and Combining PTLIDs

PTLIDs: An Interactionist Approach

Trait Activation

Appraisals

Physiological Measures

THE BLANKET APPROACH: GUIDELINES FOR USE AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

19 - The Influence of Hormonal Stress on Performance

INSTRUCTIONS FOR GETTING YOUR DREAM JOB BASED ON CORTISOL RESEARCH

CORTISOL—WHAT IS IT AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

STATE AND TRAIT INFLUENCES ON CORTISOL

CORTISOL AND PERFORMANCE

Cortisol and Sports Performance

Cortisol and Outcome in Sports

Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses to a Competitive Situation

Critique of the Model of Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses to a Competitive Situation

Cortisol and Cognitive Performance

Cognitive-Processing Hypothesis

Critique of the Cognitive-Processing Hypothesis

CORTISOL–PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK

SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

20 - Performing under Pressure: High-Level Cognition in High-Pressure Environments

PROBLEM SOLVING

CREATIVITY

DECISION-MAKING

COMPARING PROBLEM SOLVING AND CREATIVITY

COMPARING DECISION-MAKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING/CREATIVITY

EMOTIONAL INFLUENCE ON HIGHER COGNITION

Problem Solving

Creativity

Decision-Making

CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Future Research on Pressure and High-Level Cognition

Future Research on Affective States and High-Level Cognition

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

W

Y