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1 Introduction
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1.1 Outline
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1.2 The notion of analog computing
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1.3 Direct and indirect analogies
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2 Mechanical analog computers
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2.1 Astrolabes
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2.2 The Antikythera mechanism
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2.3 Slide rules
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2.4 Planimeters
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2.5 Mechanical computing elements
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2.5.1 Function generation
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2.5.2 Differential gears
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2.5.3 Integrators
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2.5.4 Multipliers
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2.6 Harmonic synthesizers and analyzers
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2.7 Mechanical fire control systems
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2.8 Differential analyzers
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3 The first electronic analog computers
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3.1 Helmut Hoelzer
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3.1.1 The “Mischgerät”
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3.1.2 Hoelzer’s analog computer
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3.2 George A. Philbrick’s Polyphemus
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3.3 Electronic fire control systems
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3.4 MIT
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4 Basic computing elements
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4.1 Operational amplifiers
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4.1.1 Early operational amplifiers
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4.1.2 Drift stabilization
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4.2 Summers
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4.3 Integrators
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4.4 Coefficient potentiometers
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4.5 Function generators
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4.5.1 Servo function generators
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4.5.2 Curve followers
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4.5.3 Photoformers
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4.5.4 Varistor function generators
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4.5.5 Diode function generators
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4.5.6 Inverse functions
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4.5.7 Functions of two variables
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4.6 Multiplication
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4.6.1 Servo multipliers
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4.6.2 Crossed-fields electron-beam multiplier
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4.6.3 Hyperbolic field multiplier
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4.6.4 Time division multipliers
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4.6.5 Logarithmic multipliers
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4.6.6 Quarter square multipliers
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4.6.7 Other multiplication schemes
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4.7 Division and square root
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4.8 Comparators
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4.9 Limiters
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4.10 Resolvers
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4.11 Time delay
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4.12 Random noise generators
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4.13 Output devices
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5 Analog computer anatomy
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5.1 Analog patch panel
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5.2 Function generators
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5.3 Digital patch panel and controls
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5.4 Readout
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5.5 Control
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5.6 Performing a computation
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6 Typical systems
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6.1 Telefunken RA 1
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6.2 EAI 231R
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6.3 Early transistorized systems
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6.4 Late analog computers
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7 Programming
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7.1 Basic approach
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7.2 Kelvin’s feedback technique
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7.3 Substitution method
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7.4 Partial differential equations
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7.4.1 Quotient of differences
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7.4.2 Separation of variables
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7.5 Scaling
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8 Programming examples
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8.1 y = asin(!t +')
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8.2 Sweep generator
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8.3 Mass-spring-damper system
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8.4 Predator and prey
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8.5 Bouncing ball
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8.6 Car suspension
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8.7 Lorenz attractor
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8.8 Projection of rotating bodies
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8.9 Conformal mapping
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9 Hybrid computers
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9.1 Systems
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9.2 Programming
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10 Digital differential analyzers
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10.1 Basic computing elements
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10.1.1 Integrators
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10.1.2 Servos
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10.1.3 Summers
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10.1.4 Additional elements
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10.2 Programming examples
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10.3 Problems
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10.4 Systems
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10.4.1 MADDIDA
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10.4.2 Bendix D-12
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10.4.3 TRICE
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11 Applications
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11.1 Mathematics
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11.1.1 Differential equations
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11.1.2 Integral equations
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11.1.3 Zeros of polynomials
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11.1.4 Orthogonal functions
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11.1.5 Linear algebra
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11.1.6 Eigenvalues and -vectors
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11.1.7 Fourier synthesis and analysis
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11.1.8 Random processes and Monte-Carlo simulations
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11.1.9 Optimization
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11.1.10 Multidimensional shapes
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11.2 Physics
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11.2.1 Orbit calculation
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11.2.2 Particle trajectories
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11.2.3 Optics
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11.2.4 Heat-transfer
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11.2.5 Semiconductor research
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11.2.6 Ferromagnetic films
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11.3 Chemistry
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11.3.1 Reaction kinetics
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11.3.2 Quantum chemistry
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11.4 Mechanics and engineering
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11.4.1 Vibrations
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11.4.2 Shock absorbers
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11.4.3 Earthquake simulation
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11.4.4 Rotating systems
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11.4.5 Bearings
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11.4.6 Compressors
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11.4.7 Crank mechanisms
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11.5 Materials science
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11.5.1 Non destructive testing
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11.5.2 Ductile deformation
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11.5.3 Pneumatic and hydraulic systems
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11.5.4 Control of machine tools
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11.5.5 Servo systems
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11.6 Nuclear technology
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11.6.1 Research
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11.6.2 Training
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11.6.3 Control
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11.7 Biology and medicine
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11.7.1 Ecosystems
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11.7.2 Metabolism research
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11.7.3 Cardiovascular systems
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11.7.4 Closed loop control studies
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11.7.5 Neurophysiology
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11.7.6 Epidemiology
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11.7.7 Aerospace medicine
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11.7.8 Locomotor systems
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11.7.9 Dosimetry
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11.8 Geology and marine science
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11.8.1 Resources
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11.8.2 Seismology
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11.8.3 Ray tracing
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11.9 Economics
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11.10 Power engineering
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11.10.1 Generators
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11.10.2 Transformers
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11.10.3 Power inverters and rectifiers
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11.10.4 Transmission lines
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11.10.5 Power grid simulation
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11.10.6 Frequency control
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11.10.7 Dispatch computers
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11.11 Electronics and telecommunication
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11.11.1 Circuit simulation
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11.11.2 Frequency response
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11.11.3 Filter design
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11.11.4 Modulators and demodulators
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11.12 Automation
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11.12.1 Data processing
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11.12.2 Correlation analysis
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11.12.3 Closed loop control and servo systems
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11.12.4 Sampling systems
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11.12.5 Embedded systems
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11.13 Process engineering
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11.13.1 Mixing tanks, heat exchangers, evaporators and distillation columns
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11.13.2 Adaptive control
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11.13.3 Parameter determination and optimization
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11.14 Transport systems
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11.14.1 Automotive engineering
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11.14.1.1 Steering systems
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11.14.1.2 Transmissions
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11.14.1.3 Traffic flow simulation
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11.14.2 Railway vehicles
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11.14.3 Hovercrafts and Maglevs
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11.14.4 Nautics
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11.14.4.1 Dynamic behavior
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11.14.4.2 Propulsion systems
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11.14.4.3 Ship simulation
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11.14.4.4 Torpedo simulation
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11.15 Aeronautical engineering
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11.15.1 Landing gears
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11.15.2 Aircraft arresting gear systems
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11.15.3 Jet engines
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11.15.4 Helicopter rotor blades
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11.15.5 Flight simulation
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11.15.6 Airborne simulators
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11.15.7 Guidance and control
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11.15.8 Miscellaneous
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11.16 Rocketry
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11.16.1 Rocket motor simulation
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11.16.2 Rocket simulation
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11.16.3 Space craft maneuvers
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11.16.4 Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
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11.17 Military applications
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11.18 Education
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11.19 Arts, entertainment and music
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11.19.1 Arts
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11.19.2 Entertainment
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11.19.3 Music
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11.20 Analog computer centers
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12 Future and chances
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Bibliography
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Index
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