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Analog Computing
of: Bernd Ulmann
De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2013
ISBN: 9783486755183 , 319 Pages
Format: PDF, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
1 Introduction
17
1.1 Outline
17
1.2 The notion of analog computing
18
1.3 Direct and indirect analogies
19
2 Mechanical analog computers
21
2.1 Astrolabes
21
2.2 The Antikythera mechanism
21
2.3 Slide rules
22
2.4 Planimeters
24
2.5 Mechanical computing elements
27
2.5.1 Function generation
28
2.5.2 Differential gears
30
2.5.3 Integrators
30
2.5.4 Multipliers
33
2.6 Harmonic synthesizers and analyzers
34
2.7 Mechanical fire control systems
37
2.8 Differential analyzers
39
3 The first electronic analog computers
47
3.1 Helmut Hoelzer
47
3.1.1 The “Mischgerät”
48
3.1.2 Hoelzer’s analog computer
54
3.2 George A. Philbrick’s Polyphemus
60
3.3 Electronic fire control systems
63
3.4 MIT
69
4 Basic computing elements
71
4.1 Operational amplifiers
71
4.1.1 Early operational amplifiers
75
4.1.2 Drift stabilization
77
4.2 Summers
80
4.3 Integrators
83
4.4 Coefficient potentiometers
86
4.5 Function generators
89
4.5.1 Servo function generators
90
4.5.2 Curve followers
91
4.5.3 Photoformers
92
4.5.4 Varistor function generators
92
4.5.5 Diode function generators
93
4.5.6 Inverse functions
95
4.5.7 Functions of two variables
95
4.6 Multiplication
96
4.6.1 Servo multipliers
96
4.6.2 Crossed-fields electron-beam multiplier
96
4.6.3 Hyperbolic field multiplier
97
4.6.4 Time division multipliers
99
4.6.5 Logarithmic multipliers
99
4.6.6 Quarter square multipliers
100
4.6.7 Other multiplication schemes
101
4.7 Division and square root
101
4.8 Comparators
101
4.9 Limiters
103
4.10 Resolvers
103
4.11 Time delay
104
4.12 Random noise generators
106
4.13 Output devices
106
5 Analog computer anatomy
109
5.1 Analog patch panel
109
5.2 Function generators
111
5.3 Digital patch panel and controls
112
5.4 Readout
113
5.5 Control
114
5.6 Performing a computation
116
6 Typical systems
117
6.1 Telefunken RA 1
117
6.2 EAI 231R
119
6.3 Early transistorized systems
122
6.4 Late analog computers
126
7 Programming
129
7.1 Basic approach
129
7.2 Kelvin’s feedback technique
131
7.3 Substitution method
133
7.4 Partial differential equations
135
7.4.1 Quotient of differences
135
7.4.2 Separation of variables
137
7.5 Scaling
139
8 Programming examples
141
8.1 y = asin(!t +')
141
8.2 Sweep generator
143
8.3 Mass-spring-damper system
144
8.4 Predator and prey
147
8.5 Bouncing ball
149
8.6 Car suspension
153
8.7 Lorenz attractor
159
8.8 Projection of rotating bodies
160
8.9 Conformal mapping
163
9 Hybrid computers
167
9.1 Systems
167
9.2 Programming
170
10 Digital differential analyzers
173
10.1 Basic computing elements
174
10.1.1 Integrators
174
10.1.2 Servos
176
10.1.3 Summers
177
10.1.4 Additional elements
178
10.2 Programming examples
178
10.3 Problems
179
10.4 Systems
180
10.4.1 MADDIDA
180
10.4.2 Bendix D-12
181
10.4.3 TRICE
185
11 Applications
189
11.1 Mathematics
189
11.1.1 Differential equations
189
11.1.2 Integral equations
190
11.1.3 Zeros of polynomials
191
11.1.4 Orthogonal functions
192
11.1.5 Linear algebra
192
11.1.6 Eigenvalues and -vectors
193
11.1.7 Fourier synthesis and analysis
194
11.1.8 Random processes and Monte-Carlo simulations
195
11.1.9 Optimization
195
11.1.10 Multidimensional shapes
196
11.2 Physics
197
11.2.1 Orbit calculation
197
11.2.2 Particle trajectories
197
11.2.3 Optics
199
11.2.4 Heat-transfer
200
11.2.5 Semiconductor research
202
11.2.6 Ferromagnetic films
202
11.3 Chemistry
203
11.3.1 Reaction kinetics
203
11.3.2 Quantum chemistry
204
11.4 Mechanics and engineering
205
11.4.1 Vibrations
205
11.4.2 Shock absorbers
205
11.4.3 Earthquake simulation
206
11.4.4 Rotating systems
207
11.4.5 Bearings
207
11.4.6 Compressors
208
11.4.7 Crank mechanisms
208
11.5 Materials science
208
11.5.1 Non destructive testing
208
11.5.2 Ductile deformation
208
11.5.3 Pneumatic and hydraulic systems
209
11.5.4 Control of machine tools
211
11.5.5 Servo systems
212
11.6 Nuclear technology
212
11.6.1 Research
212
11.6.2 Training
214
11.6.3 Control
215
11.7 Biology and medicine
215
11.7.1 Ecosystems
215
11.7.2 Metabolism research
216
11.7.3 Cardiovascular systems
216
11.7.4 Closed loop control studies
216
11.7.5 Neurophysiology
217
11.7.6 Epidemiology
218
11.7.7 Aerospace medicine
219
11.7.8 Locomotor systems
219
11.7.9 Dosimetry
219
11.8 Geology and marine science
219
11.8.1 Resources
219
11.8.2 Seismology
220
11.8.3 Ray tracing
221
11.9 Economics
221
11.10 Power engineering
223
11.10.1 Generators
223
11.10.2 Transformers
223
11.10.3 Power inverters and rectifiers
223
11.10.4 Transmission lines
224
11.10.5 Power grid simulation
224
11.10.6 Frequency control
226
11.10.7 Dispatch computers
227
11.11 Electronics and telecommunication
227
11.11.1 Circuit simulation
228
11.11.2 Frequency response
229
11.11.3 Filter design
230
11.11.4 Modulators and demodulators
230
11.12 Automation
230
11.12.1 Data processing
231
11.12.2 Correlation analysis
231
11.12.3 Closed loop control and servo systems
231
11.12.4 Sampling systems
232
11.12.5 Embedded systems
232
11.13 Process engineering
233
11.13.1 Mixing tanks, heat exchangers, evaporators and distillation columns
233
11.13.2 Adaptive control
235
11.13.3 Parameter determination and optimization
235
11.14 Transport systems
236
11.14.1 Automotive engineering
236
11.14.1.1 Steering systems
236
11.14.1.2 Transmissions
236
11.14.1.3 Traffic flow simulation
237
11.14.2 Railway vehicles
239
11.14.3 Hovercrafts and Maglevs
239
11.14.4 Nautics
239
11.14.4.1 Dynamic behavior
239
11.14.4.2 Propulsion systems
240
11.14.4.3 Ship simulation
240
11.14.4.4 Torpedo simulation
240
11.15 Aeronautical engineering
241
11.15.1 Landing gears
241
11.15.2 Aircraft arresting gear systems
242
11.15.3 Jet engines
242
11.15.4 Helicopter rotor blades
242
11.15.5 Flight simulation
243
11.15.6 Airborne simulators
250
11.15.7 Guidance and control
251
11.15.8 Miscellaneous
253
11.16 Rocketry
253
11.16.1 Rocket motor simulation
253
11.16.2 Rocket simulation
254
11.16.3 Space craft maneuvers
256
11.16.4 Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
257
11.17 Military applications
258
11.18 Education
259
11.19 Arts, entertainment and music
259
11.19.1 Arts
259
11.19.2 Entertainment
260
11.19.3 Music
262
11.20 Analog computer centers
263
12 Future and chances
265
Bibliography
269
Index
303
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