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Contents
6
Contributors
8
Introduction to Fairness in International Trade
10
Part I: Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa
10
Part II: Fairness in International Trade A Global Perspective
12
Part I Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa
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1 The Bottom Billion and What We Can Do to Help
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1.1 Introduction
18
1.2 Paul Collier
18
References
23
2 A Rich Concept of Wealth Creation Beyond Profit Maximization and Adding Value
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2.1 Need for a Fresh Look at the Creation of Wealth
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2.1.1 Winners and Losers in the Process of Wealth Creation Over the Last 50 Years
25
2.1.2 Wealth Creation: A Blind Spot of CSR?
30
2.1.3 What Is the Economic Underpinning of ''Maximizing Shareholder Value'' and ''Adding Value''?
30
2.2 Conceptual Clarifications: What Is the Creation of Wealth?
31
2.3 Challenges for Business Ethics
37
2.4 Conclusion
39
References
40
3 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development
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3.1 Introductory Background
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3.2 The Issues at Stake
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3.3 Making Sense of the Neo-liberals Claim
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3.4 Questioning the Link Between Self-Interest and Economic Growth
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3.5 Viewing the Principle of Self-Interest Against Its Historico-cultural Background
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3.5.1 Human Sovereignty
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3.5.2 Individual Sovereignty
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3.5.3 Freedom
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3.5.4 Private Property
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3.5.5 Materialism
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3.5.6 Reason
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3.6 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development: The Necessary Link
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3.7 Linking African Cultural Values to Africas Economic Growth and Development
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3.8 Conclusion
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References
58
4 Black Economic Empowerment and the Post-Apartheid South African Quest for the Domestication of Western Capitalism
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4.1 Lay Peoples Discussion on South African Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
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4.2 Introduction
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4.3 BEE/Ingidenisation/Africanisation and the Colonial Heritage
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4.4 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and the Problem of Emulation
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4.5 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation as Mistaken Policies
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4.6 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and Global Capitalism
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4.7 Conclusion
80
References
81
5 Ethical Sourcing and Moral Responsibility in Global Business: Is the Common Good the Missing Factor? The Case of the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Kenya Floriculture in Global Business
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5.3 The Concept of Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business: The Problematic of Its Application in the Kenya Cut Flower Industry
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5.3.1 Flower Labelling Program (FLP)
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5.3.2 The Ethical Sourcing Audits
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5.3.3 Business Management Models, Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility
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5.3.4 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Agency Model of Business Management
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5.3.5 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Stakeholder Model of Business Management
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5.3.6 The Betrayal of MSP-Generated Base Codes in Kenya Cut Flower 'Ethical Sourcing' Audits
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5.3.7 Exploitation: A 'Grassroots' Experience in the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya
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5.4 Common Good: The Missing Factor in Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business
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5.4.1 Globalization and Ethics
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5.4.2 Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility from a Common Good Perspective
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5.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
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5.5.1 The Role of Global Business
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5.5.1.1 The Principle of Human Dignity
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5.5.1.2 The Principles of Beneficence and Non-maleficence
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5.5.1.3 The Principle of Justice
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5.5.2 The Role of International Bodies
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5.5.3 The Role of Political Authorities
108
References
108
Part II Fairness in International TradeA Global Perspective
111
6 Fair Global Trade: A Perspective from Africa
112
6.1 Introduction
112
6.1.1 Personal and Hermeneutical Limitation
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6.1.2 The Complex Notion of ''Africa'' and Its Dire Socio-economic Development Needs
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6.2 Historical Background to the Current Debates About Fair Global Trade
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6.2.1 The Slave Trade
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6.2.2 Colonialism13 and Post-colonial Africa
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6.2.3 The Evolution of the Contemporary Monetary and Trade Regime
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6.3 Africas Expectations of the WTO and Doha Trade Negotiations
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6.3.1 Values
122
6.3.2 Participation
122
6.3.3 Agenda
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6.3.4 Trade Liberalization and ''Aid for Trade''
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6.3.5 African Union Initiatives and the Question of Identity
123
6.4 Differential Treatment and Prioritarian Justice
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6.5 Ubuntu as Guiding Philosophy for a New Trade Regime?
126
References
127
7 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: Latin American Challenges
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 Fairness in International Trade
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7.3 Perception of Fairness in Workings and Outcomes of the WTO in Latin America
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7.4 Ethical Issues Regarding the WTO in Latin America
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7.4.1 Protectionism and Barriers Suffered by Latin American Countries
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7.4.2 Sustainable Development and the Environment
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7.4.3 Moral Norms Framework
141
7.5 Developments in Latin America to Address the Ethical Issues
142
7.6 Final Considerations
144
References
147
8 Fairness in International Trade and Business Ethics: A Japanese Perspective
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8.1 Introduction
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8.2 Formal Position of the Japanese Government on the WTO
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8.2.1 Free Trade and the WTO Are Indispensable for Development
151
8.2.2 Provisions on Exemptions Are Necessary
151
8.2.3 List of Annexes
152
8.3 From the WTO-Centered to the Bilateral EPA Approach
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8.3.1 Shifting to Bilateral Economic Partnership Agreements
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8.3.2 Five Characteristics of Japan's EPAs
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8.3.3 Is the WTO Effective and Fair?
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8.3.4 Is the Outcome of Japan's EPAs Fair?
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8.3.5 Is the Process of Japan's EPAs Fair?
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8.4 A Typical Ethical Issue for Japan: Protecting Rice Farming
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8.4.1 Issues of Agriculture
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8.4.2 High Tariff Rates on Agricultural Products
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8.4.3 Mutli-functionality
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8.4.4 Food Security
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8.4.5 Other Factors: Environmental Impact and Food Safety
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8.4.6 Protecting Rice Farming
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8.5 Reconsideration of Globalization and the WTO: Poverty Reduction
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8.5.1 The Ultimate Purpose of Globalization in the Original Position
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8.5.2 Criticism Against the WTO
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8.5.3 The Ultimate Purpose of the WTO
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8.5.4 How to Make Use of Globalization
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8.6 Initiatives by the Japanese Government: TICAD and MDGs
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8.6.1 World Food Crisis and TICAD IV
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8.6.2 Boosting Rice Production in Africa
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8.6.3 Sustainable Management of Water Resources
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8.6.4 Major Initiatives Related to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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8.6.5 Mobilizing Private Sector and Japan's ODA Policy
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8.6.6 Establishing Economic Infrastructure in the TICAD Process
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8.6.7 MDG Initiatives in the TICAD Process
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8.7 Initiatives by Leading Japanese Corporations: Education and Basic Infrastructure
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8.7.1 Contributions Corporations Can Make
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8.7.2 Improvement of Educational Environment
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8.7.3 Improvement of Basic Infrastructure
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8.8 Summary and Closing Remarks
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8.8.1 Answering the First Question
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8.8.2 Answering the Second Question
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8.8.3 Answering the Third Question (1): Protecting Rice Farming
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8.8.4 Answering the Third Question (2): Poverty Reduction
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8.8.5 Remaining Issues
176
References
177
9 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: North American Perspectives
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9.1 Introduction
178
9.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Relations in North America: Recent Developments
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9.2.1 Three Asymmetries
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9.2.2 North America and the WTO
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9.3 Several North American Normative Perspectives on Fairness in International Trade and Investment
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9.3.1 Protectionism and the Prevailing Liberal Views of Fair Play
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9.3.2 The Liberal Search for Distributive Justice
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9.3.3 Questions, Criticisms, and Dissent from Non-liberal Perspectives
190
9.4 Open Political Processes and Fundamental Considerations
192
9.5 Fairness and Transfer Pricing
196
9.6 Conclusion
201
References
203
10 Fairness in International Trade: The Case of Economic Partnership Agreements
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10.1 Introduction
206
10.2 The Background to EUACP International Trade Relations
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10.3 Economic Partnership Agreements and Their Predicted Effects and Associated Issues
211
10.4 The Stop EPAs Campaign
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10.5 EPAs The Current Situation
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10.6 Assessing Fairness in International Trade
218
10.7 An Assessment of the Fairness of EPAs
222
10.8 Conclusion
224
10.9 Appendix 1
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10.9 Appendix 2
226
References
226
Index
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