Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Prologue

Introduction

References

Homo Sapiens-The Emotional Animal

Notes

References

Part 1: Concepts and Approaches

Emotions as Bio-cultural Processes: Disciplinary Debates and an Interdisciplinary Outlook

Criteria for Basic Emotional Processes

Estimation, Evaluation, Appraisal

Course of an Emotional Episode

Internal Processing of an Emotional Episode

Body-Related Aspects of the Processing of an Emotional Episode

Relation Between Basic Emotions and Appraisal Processes

Complex Emotions/Nonbasic Emotional Events

Differential Criteria for Specific Emotions

Universal and Culture-Specific Emotions

Universal Emotions

Culture-Specific Emotions

Interdisciplinary Outlook

Notes

References

On the Origin and Evolution of Affective Capacities in Lower Vertebrates

Introduction: Emotions, Feelings, and Darwinean Theory

Basic Needs, Basic Dangers, Basic Emotions

Nociception, Conditioning, and the Evolution of Emotions

On Being Touchy and on Being in Pain

On Nociception and Pain

‘‘Once Bitten Twice Shy’’: From Fright to Fear

Invertebrates

Noxious Events, Reflexive Behaviour, Fright and Fear in Invertebrates

Emotions and the Evolving Brain

Possible Ancestry and the Phylogeny of the Vertebrates

Sensory Organs, Nociception, and Memory in the Lower Chordates

Lancelets, Lampreys (Cephalochordata and Cyclostomata), Sharks, and Rays (Elasmobranchii)

Evolution and the Brain in Vertebrates

Emotions, the Limbic System of Mammals and the Problem of Homology

Bony Fishes

Nociception and Fear Conditioning in the Teleosts

Amygdaloid Complex, Learning, and Emotional Memory of Fishes

Amphibians

Nociception

Learning, Emotional Memory, and Amygdala Complex of Amphibians

Reptiles

Nociception

Learning, Emotional Memory, and Amygdaloid Complex of Reptiles

Summary and Conclusion

Notes

References

Emotions: The Shared Heritage of Animals and Humans

Phylogenetic Brain Development in Mammals

Limbic System-Basis of Emotions in Mammalian Brain

Evolution of Functions-Intellectual Changes during Phylogeny and Their Anatomical Bases

References

Neurobiological Basis of Emotions

Emotions: Mediated by ‘‘Body and Brain’’

Limbic System: The Neural Basis of Emotions

Amygdala

Amygdala-Septum Interactions

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Hippocampal Formation

Expanded Limbic System

Cingulate Cortex

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Insular Cortex

Striatum

Neurotransmitter Systems

Emotional Changes in Patients Suffering from Brain Damage

Amygdala

Septal Nuclei

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Other Regions

Laterality Effects: Right Hemisphere Hypothesis

Valence Hypothesis

References

Milestones and Mechanisms of Emotional Development

Definition of Emotion

Dimensions of Emotional Development

Quality of an Emotion

Regulative Function of Emotions

Form of an Emotion: Expressive Reactions as a Medium of Emotional Development

Relation of the Subfunction ‘‘Emotion’’ to Other Psychological Subfunctions in Action Regulation

Ontogenetic Phases of Emotional Development

Ontogenetic Starting Point: With What Are Neonates Equipped When They Enter Our World?

Emergence of Sign-Mediated Emotion Systems During Infancy

Developing Differentiated Emotions

Developmental Mechanism of Emotional Differentiation

Acquisition of a Repertoire of Actions

Emergence of Intrapersonal Regulation in Toddlers and Preschoolers

Development of Expression Signs From Age 6 Onward

Use of Expression to Display Emotions in Interpersonal Regulation

Internalization of Expression Signs In Intrapersonal Regulation

Summary and Outlook

Notes

References

Gravestones for Butterflies: Social Feeling Rules and Individual Experiences of Loss

Background

Narrations of Pregnancy Loss

Onset

Time Together

Experience of Giving ‘‘Death’’

Time of Sorrow

Discussion

Conclusion

Notes

Appendix

References

Emotion by Design: Self-Management of Feelings as a Cultural Program

Emotions and Economic Action

Two Hypotheses in Sociological Research: Alienation Versus Informalization

Emotional Self-Management in ‘‘Flexible Capitalism’’

Example of ‘‘Emotional Intelligence’’

Program of Authentic Self-Programming

Paradoxes in the Modern Regulation of Emotion

Notes

References

Emotion, Embodiment, and Agency: The Place of a Social Emotions Perspective in the Cross-Disciplinary Understanding of Emotional Processes

Introduction

A Social Emotions Approach and its Implications

The Social Ontology of Emotion

The Body and Emotion

Emotion and Social Structure

Social Emotional Processes and Agency

Next Steps

The Quest of Philosophical Anthropology

The Active, Constitutive Role of the Body in Society and Culture

The Concept of Positionality and Its Implications in the Study of Emotion

Emotion as an Aspect of ‘‘Taking a Position’’

Emotion, Action, and the Embodiment of Structure

Subjectivity, Action, Feeling, and Time

Conclusion

Notes

References

On the Nature of Artificial Feelings

Introduction

Notes

References

Part 2: Empirical Studies-Shame and Pride: Prototypical Emotions Between Biology and Culture

‘‘Honor and Dishonor’’: Connotations of a Socio-symbolic Category in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Introduction

Honor and Dishonor: In Search of a Category

In Search of a Typology

Horizontal Versus Vertical Honour

Individual Versus Collective Honour

Code of Honor: Examples of Cultural and Regional Similarities and Differences

Mediterranean World

Spain

Italy

Greece

Balkans

Montenegro and Northern Albania

Arabic World

A aywamacrt and Awlamacrt Ali Bedouin of Egypt

Ghiyata of Eastern Morocco

Kabyle Society of Algeria

West and Central Asia

Turkey

Afghanistan (Pashtuns)

South Asia

Southeast Asia

East Asia

China

Japan

New Guinea

Northern Africa (Fulbe)

East Africa (Pokot)

‘‘Old American South’’

It’s a Man’s World but What About Women?

Honor Lost- Honor Restored

Honor Lost

Honor Restored

‘‘Honor Crimes’’ and ‘‘Honor Killings’’

Some Generalisations

Notes

References

‘‘Honor and Dishonor’’ and the Quest for Emotional Equivalents

Introduction

Honour, Dishonour, and the Emotions Pride and Shame

Pride and Shame as ‘‘Self-Conscious Emotions’’

Pride

Shame

Embodiment of Pride and Shame and the Related Pan-Human Behavioural Code

Self-Evaluation, Self-Esteem, and the Reference Group

Pride, Shame, and the Pain of Being Excluded

Self-Esteem, Pride, Shame, and Well-Being

Rational Actor Theory, Well-Being, and Worrying

Emotions and the Multidimensionality of Well-Being

Is Honor to Pride What Dishonor is to Shame?

On the Origin of the Honor-Dishonor Code

Hierarchies, Dominance, and Feelings: Evolutionary Perspective

Human Cultural History and the Emergence of the Honor/Dishonor Code

Conclusion

Notes

References

End of Honor? Emotion, Gender, and Social Change in an Indonesian Society

Ethnographic Context

Case Study: Badiah’s Marriage

Dramatis Personae

Badiah’s Marriage

Interpretation

Discussion

Conclusion

Notes

References

‘‘Beggars’’ and ‘‘Kings’’: Emotional Regulation of Shame Among Street Youths in a Javanese City in Indonesia

Introduction

Regulation of Emotions

Social Emotions of Shame and Pride

Cultural Differences: Shame and Malu

Malu and Stigma

Transformation from Shame to Pride

Ethnic Pride

From ‘‘Beggars’’ to ‘‘Kings:’’ A Metamorphosis?

‘‘King’’ Encounters: Tekyan and Rendan

Encounters with Their Parents: ‘‘Beggars’’ Again?

Conclusion

Notes

References

The Search for Style and the Urge for Fame: Emotion Regulation and Hip-Hop Culture

Introduction

Socialization as an Active Process in a Changing Environment

Development of Emotions and Emotion Regulation During Adolescence

Attainment of Self-Esteem

Toward a Broad View of Emotion Regulation

Hip-Hop: Arena for Emotion Regulation Through Identity Construction

Invented in the Urban Jungle

Internal Structure of Hip-Hop

Sampling as a Tool for the Bricolage of an Identity

Hip-Hop Battle as a Source of Respect

Local Adaptations of a Global Phenomenon

Graffiti and Break-Dancing: Control of Space and Body

Summary: Rise of a Youth Culture as a Way of Creating a Space for Positive Emotion Experiences

Notes

References

Discography

Filmography

Shame and Pride: Invisible Emotions in Classroom Research

Introduction

Function of Shame and Pride in Conveying Cultural Norms

External Evaluation and Self-Evaluation as Triggers of Pride and Shame

Motivating Impact of Feeling Shame or Pride

Institutionally Determined Episodes of Pride and Shame in Daily School Life

Qualification and Allocation as Sources of Pride and Shame Experiences

School Socialization as Internalization of the Achievement Principle

The Class as a Source of Pride and Shame Experiences

Shame and Pride in the School Context: The State of Research

‘‘Invisibility’’ of Pride and Shame in Western Cultures

Test Anxiety as an Unrecognized Shame Anxiety

Consequences of Excessive Experiences of Shame

Impact of Shame and Pride on the Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Achievement Motivation

Personality Development, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem

Shame and Pride and Their Influence on the Development of Achievement Motivation

Self-Evaluation Model of Achievement Motivation

Setting Reference Norms and Their Affective and Motivational Consequences

Summary and Outlook

References

Anger, Shame, and Justice: Regulative and Evaluative Function of Emotions in the Ancient and Modern Worlds

Introduction

Notes

References

Index