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Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
of: Marshall D. Lindheimer, James M. Roberts, F. Gary Cunningham (Eds.)
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2009
ISBN: 9780080921181
3. Edition
Format: PDF
Copy protection: DRM
Front Cover
1
CHESLEY’S HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
5
COPYRIGHT
6
Contents
7
List of Contributors
9
Preface
11
CHAPTER 1 Introduction, History, Controversies, and Definitions
13
HISTORY
13
SIGNS
16
HYPOTHESES AND RATIONAL MANAGEMENT
18
PROPHYLAXIS
20
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY
21
EDITORS’ UPDATE
23
DENOUEMENT
26
References
32
CHAPTER 2 The Clinical Spectrum of Preeclampsia
37
INTRODUCTION
37
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PREECLAMPSIA SYNDROME
38
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
44
References
46
CHAPTER 3 Epidemiology of Pregnancy-Related Hypertension
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FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
49
DISCUSSION OF DIFFERENTIAL FREQUENCY ESTIMATES
50
RISK FACTORS
51
CLINICAL PREDICTORS
52
FIRST BIRTH AND OTHER PLACENTAL FACTORS
53
NATURAL HISTORY
54
CRITIQUE OF STUDIES
57
CONCLUSION
58
References
58
CHAPTER 4 Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
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DEDICATION
63
INTRODUCTION
63
BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYSOF PREECLAMPSIA
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TYPES OF GENETIC STUDIES CONDUCTED
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PROBLEMS WITH STUDYING THE GENETICS OF PREECLAMPSIA
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A GENOMICS APPROACH TO PREECLAMPSIA
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ESSENTIAL VARIABLES TO CONSIDER
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THE FUTURE OF PREECLAMPSIA GENETIC RESEARCH
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CONCLUSIONS
79
References
80
CHAPTER 5 The Placenta in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
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INTRODUCTION
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THE MICROANATOMY OF NORMAL HUMAN PLACENTATION
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THE MICROANATOMY OF ABNORMAL HUMAN PLACENTATION IN PREECLAMPSIA
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THE ROAD TO PREECLAMPSIA
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OXYGEN TENSION REGULATES HUMAN CYTOTROPHOBLAST PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO
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DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY, INVASIVE CYTOTROPHOBLASTS MODULATE THEIR ADHESION MOLECULE REPERTOIRE TO MIMIC THAT OF VASCULAR CELLS
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IN PREECLAMPSIA, INVASIVE CYTOTROPHOBLASTS FAIL TO SWITCH THEIR ADHESION MOLECULE REPERTOIRE TO MIMIC THAT OF VASCULAR CELLS
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NOVEL UNBIASED APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE PREECLAMPSIA SYNDROME
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SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
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References
96
CHAPTER 6 Angiogenesis and Preeclampsia
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INTRODUCTION
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PLACENTALVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT IN HEALTH
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ANGIOGENIC IMBALANCE IN PREECLAMPSIA
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PERSPECTIVES
110
References
110
CHAPTER 7 Metabolic Syndrome and Preeclampsia
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INTRODUCTION
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METABOLIC SYNDROME
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METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
118
PREGNANCY-INDUCED CHANGES IN INSULIN AND LIPID METABOLISM
123
PREECLAMPSIA AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
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METABOLIC SYNDROME: A CAUSE OF PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION?
130
SUMMARYAND PERSPECTIVES
132
References
133
CHAPTER 8 Immunology of Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
141
INTRODUCTION
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MATERNAL IMMUNE PRIMING FOR PREGNANCY– ADAPTING TO A FOREIGN FETUS
141
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
141
THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY NETWORK AND RESPONSE
142
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE INFLAMMATORY CELLS
143
CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, GROWTH FACTORS, ADIPOKINES, AND ANGIOGENIC FACTORS
143
ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE
143
METABOLISM AND THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
144
PREECLAMPSIA IS ATWO-STAGE DISEASE
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MATERNAL–FETAL IMMUNE INTERFACES AND MATERNAL RECOGNITION OF FETAL (PATERNAL) ANTIGENS
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STAGE 1 PREECLAMPSIA, INTERFACE 1, AND MATERNAL IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TROPHOBLAST
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STAGE 2 PREECLAMPSIA AND INTERFACE 2
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THE TH1/TH2 HYPOTHESIS
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PREECLAMPSIA AND THE MATERNAL SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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THE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA AND NONPLACENTAL FACTORS
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TROPHOBLAST MICROPARTICLES
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SYSTEMIC IMMUNOREGULATION IN PREECLAMPSIA
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THE CONTINUUM BETWEEN NORMAL PREGNANCYAND PREECLAMPSIA
150
MATERNAL PREDISPOSING FACTORS
150
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
151
References
151
CHAPTER 9 Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
155
INTRODUCTION
155
PART I: ENDOTHELIAL CELL HYPOTHESIS
156
PART II: PLASMA FACTORS INDUCE ENDOTHELIAL CELL ACTIVATION
159
PART III: OXIDATIVE STRESS: A POINT OF CONVERGENCE FOR ENDOTHELIAL CELL DYSFUNCTION
166
PART IV: SUMMARY, SPECULATIONS, AND DIRECTIONS OF FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS
169
References
170
CHAPTER 10 Animal Models
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INTRODUCTION
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PARALLELS BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL PREGNANCY
181
ANIMAL STUDIES DESIGNED TO EXPLORE HYPOTHETICAL CAUSES OF PREECLAMPSIA
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UTEROPLACENTAL HYPOPERFUSION
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MODELS OF PREECLAMPSIA EMPLOYING DIETARY DEPRIVATION
186
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND PREECLAMPSIA
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OTHER MODELS OF PREECLAMPSIA
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THE STUDY OF ANTIANGIOGENIC FACTORS
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VOLUME-EXPANDED MODEL OF PREECLAMPSIA
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ANIMALS WITH PREEXISTING DISEASES THAT MAY PREDISPOSE TO PREECLAMPSIA
192
CONCLUSION
193
References
193
CHAPTER 11 Tests to Predict Preeclampsia
201
INTRODUCTION
201
PRINCIPLES OF PREDICTION TESTS
201
PLACENTAL PERFUSION AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE DYSFUNCTION-RELATED TESTS
203
FETAL AND PLACENTAL UNIT ENDOCRINOLOGY DYSFUNCTION-RELATED TESTS
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RENAL DYSFUNCTION-RELATED TESTS
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ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND OXIDANT STRESS-RELATED TESTS
208
FETUS-DERIVED PRODUCTS
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COMBINATION OF TESTS
212
PROTEOMICS
213
PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
213
References
215
CHAPTER 12 Prevention of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
225
INTRODUCTION
225
DIETARY MANIPULATIONS
225
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
227
ANTIOXIDANTS
228
ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS
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PREVENTION OF ECLAMPSIA
230
TREATMENT FOR ECLAMPSIA
233
References
235
CHAPTER 13 Cerebrovascular (Patho)Physiology in Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
239
INTRODUCTION
239
NEUROANATOMICAL FINDINGS WITH ECLAMPSIA
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CEREBRAL LESIONS WITH PATHOGENESIS OF ECLAMPSIA
240
References
254
CHAPTER 14 Cardiovascular Alterations in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancy
261
INTRODUCTION
261
HEMODYNAMICS AND CARDIAC FUNCTION IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
261
HEMODYNAMICS AND CARDIAC FUNCTION IN PREECLAMPSIA
267
FACTORS THAT MAY EXPLAIN VASCULAR CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
272
References
275
CHAPTER 15 Normal and Abnormal Volume Homeostasis
281
INTRODUCTION
281
BODY FLUID VOLUMES
281
CONCLUSIONS
293
References
293
CHAPTER 16 Agonistic Autoantibody-Mediated Disease
299
INTRODUCTION
299
GENESIS OF ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST RECEPTORS
299
AGONISTIC ANTI-AT1 RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES
301
References
307
CHAPTER 17 The Kidney in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
309
INTRODUCTION
309
RENAL HEMODYNAMICS AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY
309
RENAL HEMODYNAMICS AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN PREECLAMPSIA
318
RENAL HANDLING OF URIC ACID
323
RENAL HANDLING OF PROTEINS
329
RENAL MORPHOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
334
References
338
CHAPTER 18 Platelets, Coagulation, and the Liver
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INTRODUCTION
347
PLATELETS
347
COAGULATION
351
SUMMARY OF PLATELETS AND THE COAGULATION CASCADE CONTRIBUTIONS TO PREECLAMPSIA
356
THE LIVER IN PREECLAMPSIA
357
References
359
CHAPTER 19 Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy
365
INTRODUCTION
365
BACKGROUND
365
SPECIFIC HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS
368
MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
375
References
377
CHAPTER 20 Antihypertensive Treatment
381
INTRODUCTION
381
GOALS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG THERAPY
381
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CHOICE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
382
FETAL SAFETYAND DRUGUSE IN PREGNANT WOMEN
383
CHOICE OFAN ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG FOR USE IN PREGNANCY
384
DRUG USE WHILE BREASTFEEDING
391
EVIDENCE FROM RANDOMIZED TRIALS
391
CONCLUSION
394
References
395
CHAPTER 21 Management
401
INTRODUCTION
401
PREECLAMPSIA
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ECLAMPSIA
409
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE HYPERTENSION
413
PREVENTION OF ECLAMPSIA
417
DELIVERY
419
PERSISTENT SEVERE POSTPARTUM HYPERTENSION
421
References
421
Index
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