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Population Limitation in Birds
of: Ian Newton, Keith Brockie (Eds.)
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 1998
ISBN: 9780080879239 , 597 Pages
Format: PDF, ePUB, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
Front Cover
1
Population Limitation in Birds
4
Copyright Page
5
Contents
6
Preface
10
Chapter 1. Preview
12
Bird numbers
13
Counting birds
15
Population trends
17
Environmental limiting factors
21
Demographic parameters
26
Density-dependence
32
Pest control and hunting
34
Social behaviour
35
Life-history features
36
Concluding remarks
37
Summary
38
PART 1: BEHAVIOUR AND DENSITY REGULATION
40
Chapter 2. Social Systems and Status
42
Social systems
43
Advantages of dominance
46
Performance of territorial and non-territorial individuals
46
Advantages of submission
48
Some consequences of dominance relationships
49
Other inequalities
52
Summary
53
Chapter 3. Habitat and Density Regulation
56
Local settlement in relation to resource levels
57
Effect of habitat variation on settlement pattern
63
Sources and sinks
71
Other responses to habitat saturation
72
Non-territorial adults
73
Measurement of carrying capacity
76
Disparate carrying capacities of breeding and wintering habitats
77
Estimating the effects of habitat loss
79
Concluding remarks
83
Summary
84
Chapter 4. Territorial Behaviour and Density Limitation
86
Density limitation
82
Removal experiments
88
Discussion
97
Concluding remarks
103
Summary
104
Chapter 5. Density-dependence
106
Annual counts
108
Life-cycle studies
112
Experimental manipulations of density
121
Other density-dependent responses
125
Spatial density-dependence
126
Concluding remarks
130
Summary
132
Chapter 6. Habitat Fragments and Metapopulations
134
Metapopulations
135
Field evidence for metapopulations
137
Mainland–island metapopulations
145
Other factors affecting the persistence of metapopulations
146
Habitat fragmentation and regional extinctions
149
Continuous populations in fragmented landscapes
151
Concluding remarks
152
Summary
153
PART 2: NATURAL LIMITING FACTORS
154
Chapter 7. Food-supply
156
Effects of food-shortage on individuals
158
Correlations between bird numbers and food-supplies
166
Measurements on the birds themselves
187
Measurements on the food-supply
190
Experimental manipulations of food-supplies
192
Summary
200
Chapter 8. Nest-sites
202
Species that nest in tree-cavities
203
Species that nest on cliffs or other restricted sites
215
Factors constraining the types of site used
219
Summary
220
Chapter 9. Predation
222
The predators
223
Some theoretical considerations
225
Effects of predation on individuals
228
Predation in the annual cycle
230
Effects of predation on populations
232
Habitat–predation interactions
246
Manipulation of predation
249
Other issues
255
Concluding remarks
258
Summary
259
Chapter 10. Parasites and Pathogens
260
The parasites
262
Effects of parasites on individuals
267
Effects of parasites on populations
279
Other conservation problems
291
Concluding remarks
295
Summary
297
Chapter 11. Weather
298
General weather effects
299
Prolonged severe weather
302
Episodic weather events
315
Oceanic conditions
322
Selective mortality resulting from weather events
325
Concluding remarks
326
Summary
328
Chapter 12. Inter-specific Competition
330
Effects on individuals
332
Effects on populations: long-term responses
338
Effects on populations: short-term responses
350
Experimental evidence for effects of competition
353
Apparent competition: sharing of natural enemies
361
Summary
362
Chapter 13. Interactions between Different Limiting Factors
364
Review of experimental and other evidence
365
Interactions involving different resources
367
Interactions between nest-sites, predators and parasites
369
Inter-specific interactions
370
Interactions between food-supplies, predators and parasites
372
Food and pollutants
383
Other interactive factors
383
Concluding remarks
385
Summary
386
PART 3: HUMAN IMPACTS
388
Chapter 14. Hunting and Pest Control
390
Hunting
391
Pest control
409
Summary
416
Chapter 15. Pesticides and Pollutants
418
Some general points about pesticides
419
Direct effects on populations
425
Indirect effects on populations through food-shortage
443
Indirect effects on populations through alteration of habitats
451
Genetic aspects
455
Use of historical material
455
Concluding remarks
457
Summary
457
Chapter 16. Extinction
460
Natural extinctions
461
Human-caused extinctions
462
Some general points
479
Role of chance in extinctions
481
Predictions of future extinctions
485
Examples of populations recovering from small numbers
488
Concluding remarks
490
Summary
491
Bibliography
492
Index
568
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