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Front Cover
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Diffusion MRI: From Quantitative Measurement to In vivo Neuroanatomy
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Copyright Page
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Contents
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Contributors
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Foreword
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Preface
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Section I: Introduction to Diffusion MRI
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Chapter 1. Introduction to Diffusion MR
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I. WHAT IS DIFFUSION?
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II. MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND DIFFUSION
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III. DIFFUSION IN NEURAL TISSUE
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IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 2. Pulse Sequences for Diffusion-weighted MRI
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I. MRI PULSE SEQUENCE PRIMER
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II. ADDING DIFFUSION WEIGHTING TO A PULSE SEQUENCE
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III. BULK MOTION SENSITIVITY
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IV. SINGLE-SHOT EPI (SS-EPI) METHODS
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V. PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION
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VI. OTHER DWI PULSE SEQUENCES
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 3. Gaussian Modeling of the Diffusion Signal
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. DIFFUSION BASICS
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III. BASIC MODELING AND QUANTIFICATION
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IV. DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES
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V. ARTIFACTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 4. Multiple Fibers: Beyond the Diffusion Tensor
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. MULTIPLE FIBERS: WHAT'S ALL THE FUSS ABOUT?
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III. MODEL-BASED APPROACHES
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IV. NON-PARAMETRIC ALGORITHMS
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V. DERIVED INFORMATION
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VI. APPLICATIONS AND EXPLOITATION
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VII. SUMMARY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX A. QBALL IMPLEMENTATION
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APPENDIX B. SPHERICAL DECONVOLUTION IMPLEMENTATION
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REFERENCES
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Section II: Diffusion MRI for Quantitative Measurement
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Chapter 5. White Matter Structure: A Microscopist's View
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE CNS WHITE MATTER
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III. WATER CONTENT OF WHITE MATTER
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IV. CHANGES IN WHITE MATTER DUE TO ABNORMALITIES IN MYELIN
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V. THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF DEMYELINATION AND AXONAL DAMAGE IN HUMANS
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VI. SUMMARY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 6. The Biological Basis of Diffusion Anisotropy
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I. UTILITY OF MICROSCOPIC WATER MOTION
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II. RELATIONSHIP OF WATER DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY TO TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE
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III. ROLE OF THE APPARENT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN INTERPRETING ANISOTROPY
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IV. ISSUES RELATED TO DIFFUSION ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS IN TISSUE BY MRI
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V. SUMMARY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 7. Inferring Microstructural Information of White Matter from Diffusion MRI
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I. THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF WHITE MATTER
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II. DIFFUSION MRI AND TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE
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III. DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING – A TOOL FOR WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURAL MAPPING
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IV. DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING – A TOOL FOR WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURAL MAPPING?
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V. TYPES OF DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN THE TISSUE
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VI. Q-SPACE ANALYSIS
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VII. MODELS OF DIFFUSION IN WHITE MATTER
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VIII. TOWARDS VIRTUAL BIOPSY OF WHITE MATTER WITH DIFFUSION MRI
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 8. Cross-subject Comparison of Local Diffusion MRI Parameters
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. CROSS-SUBJECT REGISTRATION (IMAGE ALIGNMENT)
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III. VBM – OVERVIEW AND APPLICATION TO DIFFUSION DATA
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IV. PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETABILITY IN VBM-STYLE ANALYSES
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V. REGION-OF-INTEREST AND TRACTOGRAPHY-BASED STRATEGIES FOR LOCALIZING CHANGE
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VI. TRACT-BASED SPATIAL STATISTICS
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VII. OTHER SKELETON-BASED WORK
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VIII. STATISTICAL MODELING, THRESHOLDING, AND MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES
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IX. ALTERNATIVE DIFFUSION MEASURES TO TEST
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X. INTERPRETATION ISSUES: PARTIAL VOLUME EFFECTS AND COMPLEX TRACT STRUCTURE
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XI. STANDARD-SPACE TEMPLATES AND ATLASES
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XII. EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF GAUSSIANITY AND REPEATABILITY IN DIFFUSION MRI DATA
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XIII. EXAMPLE MULTI-SUBJECT STUDIES: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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XIV. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 9. Diffusion MRI in Neurological Disorders
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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III. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 10. DTI in Development and Aging
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. DIFFUSION METRICS UTILIZED IN THE STUDY OF TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
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III. DIFFUSION IN DEVELOPMENT
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IV. DIFFUSION IN AGING
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V. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DTI METRICS AND TISSUE MORPHOMETRY
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VI. CAVEATS TO THE USE OF DIFFUSION IMAGING IN THE STUDY OF AGING AND DEVELOPMENT
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VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 11. Individual Differences in White Matter Microstructure in the Healthy Brain
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. GENDER AND HANDEDNESS
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III. CHANGES IN WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURE WITH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OR DETERIORATION IN COGNITIVE SKILLS
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IV. AGE-INDEPENDENT VARIATION IN BRAIN STRUCTURE REFLECTS INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN BEHAVIOR
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V. LANGUAGE
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VI. ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN WHITE MATTER DUE TO NATURE OR NURTURE?
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VII. CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 12. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Its Application to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. REVIEW OF DTI FINDINGS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
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III. FUTURE DIRECTIONS, WHAT ARE WE MISSING, AND HOW CAN WE FILL IN THE GAPS?
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REFERENCES
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Section III: Diffusion MRI for in vivo Neuroanatomy
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Chapter 13. Classic and Contemporary Neural Tract Tracing Techniques
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACT TRACING
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III. CONTEMPORARY APPLICATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACT TRACING IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
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SUGGESTED TECHNICAL REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 14. The Human Connectome: Linking Structure and Function in the Human Brain
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I. WHAT IS THE CONNECTOME?
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II. MODES OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY
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III. DEFINING NETWORK NODES OF THE CONNECTOME
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IV. GRAPH ANALYSIS OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY
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V. MAPPING THE NETWORK OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
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VI. RELATING STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO FUNCTIONAL INTERACTIONS
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VII. BRAIN CONNECTIVITY AND NETWORK DISEASE
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VIII. THE FUTURE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONNECTOME
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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NETWORK GLOSSARY
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Chapter 15. MR Diffusion Tractography
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. STREAMLINE TRACTOGRAPHY
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III. PROBABILISTIC TRACTOGRAPHY
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IV. CHOICE OF LOCAL DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION IN TRACTOGRAPHY
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V. DESIGNING A DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY STUDY
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VI. FUTURE ADVANCES IN DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY
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VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 16. Validation of Tractography
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. VALIDATION OF FIBER ORIENTATION INFORMATION
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III. VALIDATION OF TRACTOGRAPHY
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IV. SUMMARY
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 17. Connectivity Fingerprinting of Gray Matter
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. SUBCORTICAL GM
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III. CORTICAL GRAY
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IV. VALIDATION
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V. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 18. The Connectional Anatomy of Language: Recent Contributions from Diffusion Tensor Tractography
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. THE ANATOMY OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS: FROM BLUNT DISSECTIONS TO TRACTOGRAPHY
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III. LATERALIZATION OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS
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IV. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF PERISYLVIAN LANGUAGE NETWORKS
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V. BEYOND THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS: THE VENTRAL PATHWAY
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VI. APPLICATION OF DTI TRACTOGRAPHY TO LANGUAGE DISORDERS
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VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 19. Tractography for Surgical Targeting
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. SURGICAL TARGET AND INTENT
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III. TRACTOGRAPHY STRATEGIES FOR SURGICAL PURPOSES
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 20. Comparing Brain Connections in Different Species using Diffusion Weighted Imaging
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. COMPARING DTI TRACTOGRAPHY WITH TRACT TRACING TECHNIQUES
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III. USING DTI-TRACTOGRAPHY TO EXAMINE THE CONNECTIONS OF HUMAN VENTRAL FRONTAL CORTEX
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IV. LANGUAGE AND THE ARCUATE FASCICLE IN HUMANS AND OTHER PRIMATES
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V. DTI SUGGESTS BASIC SIMILARITIES IN FRONTAL LOBE ORGANIZATION IN MAN AND OTHER PRIMATES
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VI. PREMOTOR CORTEX
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VII. COMPARING THE PARIETAL CORTEX IN HUMAN AND OTHER PRIMATES
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VIII. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Chapter 21. Imaging Structure and Function
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I. INTRODUCTION
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II. STRUCTURAL IMAGING AND BRAIN MORPHOMETRY
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III. COMBINING SOURCES OF DATA
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IV. IMAGING ANATOMO-FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS
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V. CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
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Index
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A
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B
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C
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D
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E
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F
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G
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H
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I
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J
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K
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L
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M
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N
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O
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P
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Q
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R
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S
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T
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U
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V
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W
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