Handbook of Neurolinguistics

Front Cover

Handbook of Neurolinguistics

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Prologue

Category-Specific Disorders for Nouns and Verbs: A Very Old and Very New Problem

Advances in Neurolinguistic Research

Cerebral Substrate of Language: Ontogenesis, Senescence, Aphasia, and Recoveries

Part I: History of Neurolinguistics

Chapter 1. Neurolinguistics from the Middle Ages to the Pre-Modern Era: Historical Vignettes

1-1. Medieval and Renaissance Neurolinguistics

1-2. A Period of Transition: The 17th and 18th Centuries

1-3. Localization Comes of Age: Franz Joseph Gall and His Times

1-4. Phrenology Studies Language Scientifically: Alexander Hood's Phenomenal Case Studies

1-5. From Gall to Broca: The Contribution of Jean Baptiste Bouillaud

1-6. From Gall to Broca: Day-to-Day Medical Work

1-7. Diagramming and Localizing in the Late 19th Century

1-8. Introducing the Concept of Receptive Aphasia: Theodor Meynert

1-9. Localizing and Diagramming: Henry Charlton Bastian

1-10. Early Agrammatism Research: Jackson, Pick, Head, and Weisenburg and McBride

1-11. Sources for the History of Neurolinguistics

Part II: Clinical and Experimental Methods in Neurolinguistics

Chapter 2. Methodological and Statistical Considerations in Cognitive Neurolinguistics

2-1. Research Phases in Neurolinguistics

2-2. The Cognitive Neurolinguistics Research Program

2-3. Psychometric Considerations

2-4. Inferential Statistical Tests for Single-Case Studies

2-5. Future Outlook

Chapter 3. Clinical Assessment Strategies: Evaluation of Language Comprehension and Production by Formal Test Batteries

3-1. Why Use Formal Tests of Language?

3-2. An Academic-Experimental Rationale for Testing

3-3. A Patient-Centered Rationale

3-4. Review of Tests

3-5. Summary and Future Outlook

Chapter 4. Research Strategies: Psychological and Psycholinguistic Methods in Neurolinguistics

4-1. What Is Language?

4-2. Origins of the Neurolinguistic Model

4-3. Methods

4-4. Conclusion

Chapter 5. Event-Related Potential (ERP) Research in Neurolinguistics: Part I: Techniques and Applications to Lexical Access

5-1. Overview of the ERP Paradigm

5-2. Relations between ERPs and Language Behavior

5-3. Some Lexical Semantic Issues

5-4. The Content versus Function Word Distinction

5-5. Studies on Phonological Processing Using ERPs

5-6. Conclusions

Chapter 6. Event-Related Potential (ERP) Research in Neurolinguistics: Part II: Language Processing and Acquisition

6-1. Overview of the Issues

6-2. Divisions between Syntax and Semantics

6-3. Developmental Issues and Second Language Acquisition

6-4. Assessing Receptive Linguistic Competence without Behavioral Production

6-5. Some Questions about Reading

6-6. Conclusions

Chapter 7. Electrical Stimulation Mapping of Language Cortex

7-1. Techniques

7-2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Technique

7-3. Background: Early Findings

7-4. Modern Studies

7-5. Comparison with Other Mapping Techniques

7-6. General Results

7-7. Specific Results

Chapter 8. Tomographic Brain Imaging of Language Functions: Prospects for a New Brain/Language Model

8-1. Isotopic and Nonisotopic Tomographic Imaging: Physiological Background, Technical and Methodological Issues, and Their Implications for Cognitive Studies

8-2. The Activation Paradigm in Normal Subjects

8-3. Imaging Correlates of Language Functions in Damaged Brains

8-4. Conclusion

Chapter 9. Applications of Magnetoencephalography to Neurolinguistic Research

9-1. Technical Aspects of Magnetoencephalography

9-2. Applications of Magnetoencephalography to the Study of Language

9-3. Conclusions

Chapter 10. Vertical Integration of Neurolinguistic Mechanisms

10-1. Motility and Cortical Organization

10-2. Anatomy of Primate Communication

10-3. Motivational Basis of Hemispheric Specialization

10-4. Asymmetries in Corticolimbic Evolution

10-5. Adaptive Control of the Dual Pathways

10-6. Motility and Language

10-7. A Dual Route Involved in Language Regulation

10-8. Language Emergent across the Neuraxis

10-9. Conclusion

Chapter 11. Brain Lesion Analysis in Clinical Research

11-1. Methodological Issues in Lesion Analysis

11-2. Recent Findings in Lesion Analysis

11-3. Conclusion

Chapter 12. The Sodium Amytal (Wada) Test: Procedural and Interpretative Considerations

12-1. A Brief Historical Note

12-2. Rationale Underlying the ISA Procedure

12-3. The ISA Procedure: A Sample Protocol

12-4. Problems and Considerations in ISA Protocol Administration and Interpretation

12-5. Recent Developments Aimed at Improving ISA Validity and Reliability

12-6. A Cautionary Note Concerning the ISA in Pediatric Populations

Part III: Experimental Neurolinguistics

A. Levels of Representation and Processing: Linguistic and Psychological Aspects

Chapter 13. Phonetics and Phonology

13-1. Speech Production

13-2. Speech Perception

13-3. Conclusion

Chapter 14. The Breakdown of Morphology in Aphasia: A Cross-Language Perspective

14-1. Morphological Impairments in Sentence Processing

14-2. Morphological Impairments in Single-Word Processing

14-3. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 15. The Shadows of Lexical Meaning in Patients with Semantic Impairments

15-1. Semantic Impairments

15-2. The Concreteness Effect

15-3. Impairments of Perceptual versus Functional Information

15-4. Multiple Semantic Systems?

15-5. Impaired Access versus Loss of Semantic Knowledge

15-6. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 16. Disorders of Syntax in Aphasia: Linguistic-Descriptive and Processing Approaches

16-1. Sentence Comprehension: The Linguistic-Descriptive Approach

16-2. Sentence Comprehension: The Processing Approach

16-3. Sentence Production: Three Performance Parameters

16-4. Agrammatic Production: The Linguistic-Descriptive Approach

16-5. Agrammatic Production: The Processing Approach

16-6. Conclusion

Chapter 17. Impairments of Discourse-Level Representations and Processes

17-1. Theoretical Frameworks of Narrative and Conversational Discourse

17-2. Discourse Impairments in Brain-Damaged Individuals

17-3. Conclusion

Chapter 18. Attention as a Psychological Entity and Its Effects on Language and Communication

18-1. Methodology

18-2. The Structure and Functions of the Attention Faculty

18-3. Language and Attentional Disorders

18-4. Conclusion

Chapter 19. The Role of Working Memory in Language and Communication Disorders

19-1. Working Memory and Sentence Comprehension

19-2. Working Memory and Speech Production Deficits

19-3. Working Memory and Vocabulary Acquisition

19-4. Conclusion

Chapter 20. The Influence of Emotion on Language and Communication Disorders

20-1. Some Definitions

20-2. Human Emotional Experience

20-3. Language, Thought, and Emotion—The Triad

20-4. Does Language Express Emotions?

20-5. Role of Brain Damage in Emotional Aspects of Language and Communication

20-6. Conclusions

Chapter 21. The Processing of Sign Language: Evidence from Aphasia

21-1. ASL and the Deaf Community

21-2. Linguistic Structure of American Sign Language

21-3. A Summary of Sign Language Aphasia

21-4. Hemispheric Specialization in Deaf Signers

21-5. Neurolinguistics of Sign Language Aphasia

21-6. Within-Hemisphere Localization

21-7. Right Hemisphere and Language

21-8. ASL and Syntax in Right- and Left- Hemisphere-Damaged Signers

21-9. Apraxia and Sign Language

21-10. Conclusion

Chapter 22. Levels of Representation in Number Processing

22-1. The Quantity Representation

22-2. McCloskey's Model

22-3. Some Problematic Cases

22-4. The Triple-Code Model

22-5. Some Open Issues in Number Processing

Chapter 23. Computational Models of Normal and Impaired Language in the Brain

23-1. Neural Network Models

23-2. Hard-Wired Networks

23-3. Supervised Learning Networks

23-4. Unsupervised Learning Networks

23-5. Summary

B. Lateralization of Language and Communcation

Chapter 24. Brain Lateralization across the Life Span

24-1. Evidence Regarding Developmental Changes

24-2. Evidence Regarding Changes Associated with Aging

24-3. The Major Issues

24-4. Conclusions

24-5. Future Outlook

Chapter 25. Language in the Right Hemisphere Following Callosal Disconnection

25-1. Disconnection Syndrome

25-2. Synopsis of Earlier Findings

25-3. Word Recognition in the Right Hemisphere

25-4. Interhemispheric Relations

25-5. Relation of Language in the Right Hemisphere to Acquired Alexia

25-6. Conclusions

Chapter 26. The Right Hemisphere and Recovery from Aphasia

26-1. Language Lateralization

26-2. The Left-to-Right Transfer Hypothesis

26-3. Bilateral Lesion Effects

26-4. Laterality in Aphasia

26-5. Degree of Language Compensation

26-6. Mechanism of Transfer

26-7. Implications of Right-Hemisphere Compensation

26-8. Concluding Comments

Chapter 27. Anatomical Asymmetries in Language-Related Cortex and Their Relation to Callosal Function

27-1. Anatomical Asymmetry in Perisylvian Regions

27-2. The Corpus Callosum

27-3. Relation of Callosal Structure and Brain Asymmetry: Implications for Language Lateralization

27-4. Developmental and Evolutionary Aspects

27-5. Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 28. Unity of Language and Communication: Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain

28-1. Examples of Hemispheric Superiority

28-2. Why Is Hemispheric Superiority Complementary?

28-3. Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Collaboration

28-4. Future Outlook

Part IV: Clinical Neurolinguistics

A. Language and Communication in Special Populations and in Various Disease Processes

Chapter 29. Language and Communication in Multilinguals

29-1. Recovery Patterns

29-2. Lateralization

29-3. Bilingual versus Unilingual Representation and Processing

29-4. Future Directions in the Neuropsychology of Bilingualism: The Need for Distinctions

29-5. Conclusions

Chapter 30. The Role of Subcortical Structures in Linguistic Processes: Recent Developments

30-1. Role of the Basal Ganglia in Language

30-2. The Role of the Thalamus in Language

30-3. Conclusions

Chapter 31. Language and Communication in Non-Alzheimer's Dementias

31-1. Vascular Dementia

31-2. Frontotemporal Dementias

31-3. Huntington's Disease

31-4. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

31-5. Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

31-6. Primary Progressive Aphasia

31-7. Summary and Conclusions

Chapter 32. Language and Communication Disorders in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

32-1. Characterization of the Linguistic Changes in DAT

32-2. Evolution of the Linguistic Changes in DAT

32-3. Specificity of the Linguistic Changes

32-4. Influence of Non-Linguistic Deficits on Language Impairment

32-5. Language Impairment in DAT: A Marker for Clinical Subgroups

32-6. Neuropathological Correlates of Linguistic Changes

32-7. Conclusions

Chapter 33. Language Impairment in Parkinson's Disease

33-1. Statement of the Problem

33-2. Language Deficits in PD

33-3. Conclusion

Chapter 34. Communication and Language Disturbances Following Traumatic Brain Injury

34-1. Discourse Analysis

34-2. Pragmatic Analysis

34-3. Conversational Analysis

34-4. Explanations for Communication Disturbances in TBI

34-5. Conclusions

Chapter 35. Language Abnormalities in Psychosis: Evidence for the Interaction between Cognitive and Linguistic Mechanisms

35-1. Major Research Perspectives

35-2. Patterns in Language/Communication Research

35-3. Cognitive Explanations of Language/ Communication Abnormalities

35-4. An Integrated Cognitive/Neurolinguistic Approach

35-5. Future Outlook

B. Language and Communication in Developmental Disorders

Chapter 36. Landau–Kleffner Syndrome: Clinical and Linguistic Aspects

36-1. Clinical Picture

36-2. Prognosis and Treatment

36-3. Description of Linguistic Impairment

36-4. Hypothesis on the Underlying Deficits

36-5. Conclusion

Chapter 37. The Development of Language in Some Neurological Diseases

37-1. Down's Syndrome

37-2. Williams Syndrome

37-3. Turner Syndrome

37-4. Persistent Hyperinsulineric Hypoglycemia in Infancy

37-5. Sturge–Weber Syndrome

37-6. Poroencephaly

37-7. Conclusion

Chapter 38. Language and Communication Disorders in Autism and Asperger's Syndrome

38-1. Language and Communication

38-2. Autistic Language and Communication

38-3. Cognitive Theories: Understanding the Mind in Autism

38-4. The Theory of Mind Hypothesis

38-5. Developmental Effects of Mentalizing Deficits

38-6. Relationship of Language to Theory of Mind

38-7. Asperger's Syndrome

38-8. Conclusions and Future Outlook

C. Recovery from and Rehabilitation of Language and Communication Disorders

Chapter 39. Spontaneous Recovery from Aphasia

39-1. Clinical Studies of Spontaneous Recovery

39-2. The Neurological Basis of Recovery

39-3. Conclusions

Chapter 40. Recovery from Language Disorders: Interactions between Brain and Rehabilitation

40-1. The Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Recovery

40-2. Restoration and Substitution of Function

40-3. Neuroplasticity and Recovery

40-4. Neuroplasticity and Learning

40-5. Limits to Neuroplasticity and Recovery

40-6. Neurochemical Thresholds and Cognitive Processing Limitations

40-7. The Intricate Relation of Language Rehabilitation and Brain Repair

40-8. Can Syntax Be (Re)Learned?

40-9. Conclusions

Chapter 41. Recovery and Treatment of Acquired Reading and Spelling Disorders

41-1. Pathways to Reading

41-2. Reading Disorders

41-3. Deep Dyslexia

41-4. Pathways to Spelling

41-5. Spelling Disorders

41-6. Studies of Recovery and Treatment

41-7. Summary and Indications for Future Research

Chapter 42. Neurolinguistic Issues in the Treatment of Childhood Literacy Disorders

42-1. Causal Architecture

42-2. Peripheralist Hypotheses

42-3. Centralist Hypotheses

42-4. Orthographic Development

42-5. Conclusions

Chapter 43. The Role of Computers in Aphasia Rehabilitation

43-1. Models of Aphasia

43-2. Limitations of Computers in Aphasia Therapy

43-3. Efficacy of Treatment Software

43-4. Conclusion

Part V: Resources in Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics and Related Fields

Chapter 44. Computational Transcript Analysis and Language Disorders

44-1. The Child Language Data Exchange (CHILDES) System

44-2. Five Methodological Periods

44-3. The Database

44-4. Chat

44-5. Clan

44-6. Conclusion

Chapter 45. Neurolinguistic and Related Assessment and Rehabilitation Software: A Listing

45-1. Obtaining Information on Assessment and Rehabilitation Material

45-2. Software Programs

Chapter 46. Neurolinguistic and Related Journal and Book Resources: A Listing

46-1. Journals

46-2. Books

46-3. Sourcebooks

Chapter 47. Neurolinguistic and Related Resources on the Internet: A Listing

47-1. Libraries and Bookstores

47-2. Publishers and Journals

47-3. Newsgroups and Mailing Lists

47-4. Other Useful URLs

References

Index