Handbook of Episodic Memory

Fornt cover

Handbook of Episodic Memory

Copyright page

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents

Part One. Theories and Concepts of Episodic Memory

Section 1. Characteristics, Development, and Functions of Episodic Memory

Chapter 1.1. Perspectives on episodic and semantic memory retrieval

I. MTT: Episodic retrieval and beyond

II. Extending MTT from episodic to semantic memory

III. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 1.2. Exploring episodic memory

I. Characteristics of episodic memory

II. The content of episodic memories

III. Functions of episodic memories

IV. The brain basis of episodic memory

V. Episodic memory: the future

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 1.3. Episodic memory and mental time travel

I. Introduction

II. A prospection and memory taxonomy

III. Evidence for the Janus hypothesis

IV. Defining episodic memory: what-where-when memory versus autonoetic consciousness

V. A third approach to episodic memory

VI. Animal models and comparisons

References

Chapter 1.4. Episodic memory: reconsolidation

I. Which cues trigger memory reconsolidation and updatingquest

II. The special role of context in updating episodic memory

III. How animals ‘‘recognize’’ a context

IV. What defines a contextquest

V. Beyond contexts in memory reconsolidation

VI. Other forms of memory updating

VIII. The cognitive neuroscience of human episodic memory updating

References

Chapter 1.5. The attributes of episodic memory processing

I. Introduction

II. Contemporary viewpoints on the neurobiological basis of episodic memory

III. Attribute model of memory

IV. Attributes of episodic memory processing

V. Tests of the attribute model of episodic memory processing

VI. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 1.6. The cognitive and neural bases of flashbulb memories

I. What are flashbulb memoriesquest

II. How can we best study FMsquest

III. Are FMs more accurate and more durable than everyday memoriesquest

IV. What makes a flashbulb memoryquest

V. Are flashbulb memories specialquest

VI. Future directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 1.7. From the past into the future: the developmental origins and trajectory of episodic future thinking

I. Key definitions and distinctions

II. Episodic memory development

III. From episodic memory to episodic future thinking

IV. Reexperiencing our past and preexperiencing our future: similar or different cognitive processesquest

V. What factors influence episodic future thinkingquest

VI. Future directions

VII. Conclusion

References

Chapter 1.8. Emotion and episodic memory

I. Emotion and episodic memory

II. Episodic memory defined

III. Episodic versus declarative memory

IV. Emotions defined

V. Research on emotions and episodic memory

VI. Conclusion

References

Section 2. Is Episodic Memory Unique to Humans?

Chapter 2.1. The current status of cognitive time travel research in animals

I. The current status of cognitive time travel research in animals

II. Evidence for episodic-like memory in animals

III. The search for episodic-like memory in other species

IV. Evidence for anticipation of future events

V. The Bischof-Kohler hypothesis

VI. What have we learnedquest

References

Chapter 2.2. Animal episodic memory

I. The concept of episodic memory according to Endel Tulving

II. An alternative view of episodic memory

III. Measurement of human episodic memory

IV. Episodic memory in animals

V. Metacognition in animals

VI. Conscious recollection in animals

VII. Temporal ordersolsequence memory in animals

VIII. Mental time travel in animals: retrospective memory and prospective cognition

IX. Food-rewarded memory for ‘‘what, where, and when’’ in animals

X. One-trial ‘‘what, where, and when’’ memory in rodents

XI. Reconsidering the criteria for episodic memory in animals

XII. The one-trial object recognition paradigm for measuring fractals of episodic memory

XIII. Neuronal histamine and episodic memory

XIV. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.3. A new working definition of episodic memory: replacing ‘‘when’’ with ‘‘which’’

I. What is episodic memoryquest

II. Defining episodic memory beyond the conscious experience

III. Animals’ memory for when something happened

IV. The importance of time in human episodic memory

V. Alternatives to knowing when something happened

VI. Applying the memory of ‘‘which occasion’’ to studies of episodic memory in animals

VII. Other features of episodic memory: does what-where-which fit the billquest

VIII. A new working definition of episodic memory

References

Chapter 2.4. Episodic-like memory in food-hoarding birds

I. Episodic memory as adaptation

II. Episodic-like memory in food-hoarding birds

III. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.5. Representing past and future events

I. Retrospective versus prospective coding processes

II. Conclusions regarding prospective versus retrospective coding processes

III. Conclusions regarding episodic memory and future planning

Acknowledgment

References

Part Two. The Neurobiology and Neuropathology of Episodic Memory

Section 3. The Neuroanatomy of Episodic Memory

Chapter 3.1. Functional neuroanatomy of remote, episodic memory

I. Historical background

II. A challenge to the standard theory: multiple trace theory (MTT)

III. Functional neuroanatomy of remote memory according to SMC and MTT: predictions

IV. Extrahippocampal contributions to autobiographical memory: lesions and neuroimaging

V. Studies with nonhuman animals

VI. Overall conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3.2. The medial temporal lobe: visual perception and recognition memory

I. Intact visual perception in patients with medial temporal lobe lesions

II. The hippocampus mediates both recollection and familiarity

III. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3.3. Toward a neurobiology of episodic memory

I. The hippocampus and features of episodic memory

II. Neural representations of episodic memories

III. How does episodic memory emerge within the hippocampal memory systemquest

IV. Final thoughts

References

Chapter 3.4. Spatio-temporal context and object recognition memory in rodents

I. Recognition memory: returning to the past

II. Recognition memory receiver operating characteristics (ROC) in rats

III. One-trial spontaneous object recognition memory

IV. Context-dependent object recognition memory: a tale of two halvesquest

V. Object recognition memory and Alzheimer’s disease pathology in mice

VI. Time as a property of memory in animals

VII. Context-dependent memory and associative learning

VIII. Summary and conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3.5. The role of the prefrontal cortex in episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. Neural correlates of episodic memory

III. The role of the prefrontal cortex in autobiographical memory disorders in patients with organic or dissociative amnesia

IV. Conclusion

List of abbreviations

References

Chapter 3.6. The basal forebrain and episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. Anatomy of the basal forebrain (Figs. 1 and 2)

III. Historical review implying a crucial role of the basal forebrain in episodic memory

IV. Which structures within or near the basal forebrain are involved in episodic memoryquest

V. The role of the basal forebrain in episodic memory

VI. Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3.7. The role of the precuneus in episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. Functional anatomy of the precuneus

III. Behavioral correlates of the precuneus

IV. Precuneus, episodic memory, and consciousness

References

Chapter 3.8. The multiple roles of dopaminergic neurotransmission in episodic memory

I. Pharmacology and functional neuroanatomy of the dopaminergic system

II. Dopaminergic modulation of hippocampal plasticity in vitro and in vivo

III. The mesolimbic reward system and hippocampus-dependent memory

IV. A hippocampus-dependent dopaminergic novelty signal

V. Pharmacological studies on dopamine and human episodic memory

VI. Genetics of the dopamine system and episodic memory

VII. Beyond the hippocampus: dopaminergic modulation of complex memories in neocortex

VIII. Clinical implications

IX. Conclusions and perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Section 4. The Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Episodic Memory

Chapter 4.1. Neural coding of episodic memory

I. Introduction: seeking the neural code

II. Brief history of memory research

III. In search of memory traces

IV. Visualizing network-level memory traces

V. Identification of neural cliques as real-time memory coding units

VI. Hierarchical and categorical organization of memory-encoding neural clique assemblies

VII. Universal activation codes for the brain’s real-time neural representations across individuals and species

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4.2. The primate hippocampus and episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. Systems-level functions of the primate hippocampus

III. The operation of hippocampal circuitry as a memory system

IV. Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4.3. Hippocampal neuronal activity and episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. Hippocampal unit activity related to components of episodic memory

III. Conclusions and some remaining issues

References

Chapter 4.4. The hippocampus, context processing and episodic memory

I. Introduction

II. The hippocampal role in context processing

III. The hippocampal role in context-specific discrimination learning

IV. What kinds of ‘‘context’’ does the hippocampus encodequest

V. Neurophysiological evidence of hippocampal context processing

VI. Hippocampal inactivation impairs contextual learning

VII. Place fields are part of a context representation

VIII. Could episodic memory impairments result from context processing deficitsquest

IX. Hippocampal neuronal responses differentiate contexts but not episodic memories of individual trials

X. The problem of identifying neurophysiological mechanisms of episodic memory

XI. A hierarchical coding scheme for context differentiation

XII. Concluding remarks

References

Section 5. The Effects of Aging and Disease on Episodic Memory

Chapter 5.1. Memory and perceptual impairments in amnesia and dementia

I. The role of medial temporal lobe structures in memory

II. Is human MTL specialized for declarative memoryquest

III. Do these impairments in perception transfer to memoryquest

IV. Beyond long-term declarative memoryquest

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5.2. Using hippocampal amnesia to understand the neural basis of diencephalic amnesia

I. Introduction

II. Are the core features of diencephalic amnesia and medial temporal lobe amnesia differentquest

III. Is damage to the fiber tracts directly linking the hippocampus with the medial diencephalon sufficient to cause anterograde amnesiaquest

IV. What connections are conveyed by the fornixquest

V. Is it possible to determine which of the many connections within the fornix are the most critical for episodic memoryquest

VI. What are the implications of these findings for our understanding of diencephalic amnesiaquest

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5.3. Structure-function correlates of episodic memory in aging

I. Introduction

II. Measures of episodic-memory performance in aging

III. Age-related structural changes in the brain

IV.Episodic memory and aging: evidence from functional neuroimaging

V. Structure-function correlates of longitudinal changes in episodic-memory performance

VI. Summary and future directions

References

Chapter 5.4. Memory and cognitive performance in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and preclinical vascular disease

I. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

II. Cognitive performance as a marker of preclinical AD

III. Cognitive performance as a marker of preclinical VaD

IV. Change in cognitive performance in preclinical dementia

V. Avenues for future research

VI. Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5.5. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and episodic-like memory

I. Introduction

II. Transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease

III. Reference (trial-independent) memory in APP transgenic mice

IV. Episodic-like and working memory in APP transgenic mice

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 5.6. Episodic memory in the context of cognitive control dysfunction: the case of Huntington’s disease

I. The cognitive profile of HD

II. HD and multiple learning systems

III. Preclinical memory deficit: when do problems startquest

IV. Episodic memory and behavior in HD

References

Chapter 5.7. Adrenal steroids and episodic memory: relevance to mood disorders

I. Introduction

II. Adrenal steroids and depression

III. Adrenal steroids and memory

IV. Depression and episodic memory

V. Conclusion

List of abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

Subject Index

Color Plate Section