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Cognitive Radio Technology
of: Bruce A. Fette
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2009
ISBN: 9780080923161 , 848 Pages
2. Edition
Format: PDF, ePUB, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
Front cover
1
Half title page
2
Title page
4
Copyright page
5
Table of contents
6
Preface
14
CRs Know Radio Like TellMe Knows 800 Numbers
14
Future iCRs See What You See, Discovering RF Uses, Needs, and Preferences
15
CRs Hear What You Hear, Augmenting Your Personal Skills
15
Ideal CRs Learn to Differentiate Speakers to Reduce Confusion
16
More Flexible Secondary Use of the Radio Spectrum
17
Acknowledgments
18
Chapter 1: History and Background of Cognitive Radio Technology
22
The Vision of Cognitive Radio
22
History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio
22
A Brief History of Software Defined Radio
24
Basic SDR
27
Cognitive Radio
34
Spectrum Management
37
US Government Roles in Cognitive Radio
42
How Smart Is Useful?
43
Organization of This Book
44
References
47
Chapter 2: Communications Policy and Spectrum Management
48
Introduction
48
Cognitive Radio Technology Enablers
49
New Opportunities in Spectrum Access
51
Policy Challenges for Cognitive Radios
60
Telecommunications Policy and Technology Impact on Regulation
69
Global Policy Interest in Cognitive Radios
75
Summary
82
Exercises
84
References
84
Chapter 3: The Software-Defined Radio as a Platform for Cognitive Radio
86
Introduction
86
Hardware Architecture
88
Software Architecture
100
SDR Development and Design
103
Applications
115
Development
118
Cognitive Waveform Development
120
Summary
123
References
124
Chapter 4: Cognitive Radio: The Technologies Required
126
Introduction
126
Radio Flexibility and Capability
126
Aware, Adaptive, and Cognitive Radios
132
Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties
135
Available Technologies for Cognitive Radios
136
Funding and Research in Cognitive Radios
144
Timeline for Cognitive Radios
154
Update of CR-Specific Technologies
156
Summary
159
Exercises
160
References
161
Chapter 5: Spectrum Awareness and Access Considerations
164
Dynamic Spectrum Awareness and Access Objectives
164
Prior Work in Spectrum Awareness and Access
165
Some End-to-End DSA Example Implementations
167
Dynamic Spectrum Awareness
168
Front-End Linearity Management
182
Dynamic Spectrum Access Objectives
197
Spectral Footprint Management Objectives
207
Implications on Network-Level Decision Making
209
Summary
212
Exercises
212
References
213
Chapter 6: Cognitive Policy Engines
216
The Promise of Policy Management for Radios
216
Background and Definitions
216
Spectrum Policy
218
Antecedents for Cognitive Policy Management
220
Policy Engine Architectures for Radio
226
Integration of Policy Engines into Cognitive Radio
231
The Future of Cognitive Policy Management
237
Summary
240
References
241
Chapter 7: Cognitive Techniques: Physical and Link Layers
244
Introduction
244
Optimizing Physical and Link Layers for Multiple Objectives under Current Channel Conditions
245
Defining the Cognitive Radio
246
Developing Radio Controls (Knobs) and Performance Measures (Meters)
247
Multiobjective Decision-Making Theory and Its Application to Cognitive Radio
253
The Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Cognitive Radios
261
Advanced Genetic Algorithm Techniques
273
Need for a Higher-Layer Intelligence
277
How the Intelligent Computers Operate
279
Summary
281
References
283
Chapter 8: Cognitive Techniques: Position Awareness
286
Introduction
286
Radio Geolocation and Time Services
287
Network Localization
291
Additional Geolocation Approaches
293
Network-Based Approaches
302
Boundary Decisions
302
Example of Cellular Phone 911 Geolocation for First Responders
306
Interfaces to Other Cognitive Technologies
307
Summary
308
Exercise
309
References
309
Chapter 9: Cognitive Techniques: Three Types of Network Awareness
310
Introduction
310
Applications and Their Requirements
310
Network Awareness: Protocols
312
Situation-Aware Protocols in Edge Network Technologies
316
Network Awareness: Node Capabilities and Cooperation
318
A Distributed System of Radios—The Radio Team
319
Network Awareness: Node Location and Cognition for Self-Placement
321
Summary
323
Exercises
323
References
324
Chapter 10: Cognitive Services for the User
326
Introduction
326
Speech and Language Processing
327
Concierge Services
341
Summary
343
References
343
Chapter 11: Network Support: The Radio Environment Map
346
Introduction
346
REM: The Vehicle for Providing Network Support to CRs
347
Obtaining Cognition with REM: A Systematic Top-Down Approach
351
High-Level System Design of REM
359
Network Support Scenarios and Applications
373
Example Applications of REM to Cognitive Wireless Networks
376
Summary and Open Issues
384
Exercises
385
References
385
Chapter 12: Cognitive Research: Knowledge Representation and Learning
388
Introduction
388
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
392
Machine Learning
403
Implementation Considerations
414
Summary
416
Exercises
418
References
419
Chapter 13: The Role of Ontologies in Cognitive Radios
422
Overview of Ontology-Based Radios
422
Knowledge-Intense Characteristics of Cognitive Radios
422
Ontologies and Their Roles in Cognitive Radio
427
A Layered Ontology and Reference Model
433
Examples
439
Open Research Issues
444
Summary
447
Exercises
447
References
448
Chapter 14: Cognitive Radio Architecture
450
Introduction
450
CRA-I: Functions, Components, and Design Rules
452
CRA-II: The Cognition Cycle
469
CRA-III: The Inference Hierarchy
474
CRA-IV: Architecture Maps
482
CRA-V: Building the CRA on SDR Architectures
488
Cognition Architecture Research Topics
499
Industrial-Strength CR Design Rules
499
Summary and Future Directions
501
Exercises
502
References
503
Chapter 15: Cognitive Radio Performance Analysis
504
Introduction
504
The Analysis Problem
506
Traditional Engineering Analysis Techniques
512
Applying Game Theory to the Analysis Problem
523
Relevant Game Models
532
Summary
550
Exercises
551
References
552
Chapter 16: Cognitive Radio in Multiple-Antenna Systems
556
Introduction
556
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
557
Cognitive Capability in an MA System
562
Application to Next-Generation Wireless Communications
574
Summary
576
References
577
Chapter 17: Cognitive Radio Policy Language and Policy Engine
578
Introduction
578
Benefits of a Policy-Based Approach
580
neXt-Generation Spectrum Policy Architecture
582
Policy Language and Engine Design
584
SRI Spectrum Policy Language
588
SRI Policy Engine
594
SRI Policy Engine Demonstration
603
Lessons Learned and Future Work
609
Summary
611
References
612
Chapter 18: Spectrum Sensing Based on Spectral Correlation
614
Introduction
614
The Statistical Nature of Communication Signals
625
Spectrum Sensing Based on Spectral Correlation
634
Application to Modern Communication Signals
637
Summary
650
Exercises
651
References
653
Chapter 19: Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Networks
656
Introduction
656
The Use of Control Channels
658
Blind Rendezvous
659
Link Maintenance and the Effect of Primary Users
664
Summary
665
References
665
Chapter 20: Spectrum-Consumption Models
666
Introduction
666
Reconciling DSA and Spectrum Management
667
The Location-Based Method to Specify RF Spectrum Rights
674
Optimized Data Structures for the LBSR
690
Constructing Rights
697
Applications
703
Future Research and Work
706
Summary
707
References
707
Chapter 21: Protocols for Adaptation in Cognitive Radio
710
Introduction
710
Modulation
711
Error-Control Codes
712
Performance Measures for a Code-Modulation Library
713
Special Subsets of the Code-Modulation Library
717
Receiver Statistics
719
Initial Power Adjustment
720
Adaptive Transmission
731
Protocol Throughput Performance for Dynamic Channels
733
Summary
739
Exercises
740
References
741
Chapter 22: Cognitive Networking
744
Introduction
744
Current CN Research
748
Research Holes and Future Directions
757
Summary
760
References
760
Chapter 23: The Role of IEEE Standardization in Next-Generation Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access Developments
764
Introduction
764
Definitions and Terminology
768
Overview of the IEEE Standards Activities
770
IEEE 802 Cognitive Radio-Related Activities
772
IEEE SCC41: Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
781
Potential for New Products and Systems
793
Summary
795
References
795
Chapter 24: The Really Hard Problems
798
Introduction
798
Discussion and Summary of CR Technologies
798
Services Offered to Wireless Networks Through Infrastructure
805
References
810
Glossary
812
Index
824
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