Fundamental Neuroscience

Cover

Full Contents

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Acknowledgments

Section I: Neuroscience

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience FLOYD E. BLOOM

A Brief History of Neuroscience

The Terminology of Nervous Systems Is Hierarchical, Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based

Neurons and Glia Are Cellular Building Blocks of the Nervous System

The Operative Processes of Nervous Systems Are Also Hierarchical

Cellular Organization of the Brain

Organization of This Text

This Book Is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of the Neurosciences

Clinical Issues in the Neurosciences

The Spirit of Exploration Continues

The Genomic Inventory Is a Giant Step Forward

Neuroscience Today: A Communal Endeavor

The Creation of Knowledge

Responsible Conduct

Summary

References

Chapter 2. The Architecture of Nervous Systems LARRY W. SWANSON

General Principles from an Evolutionary Perspective

Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Identity and Organization of Functional Systems

Some Basic Structural Features of the Nervous System 32

Summary

References

Section II: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Chapter 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue

The Neuron

Neuroglia

Cerebral Vasculature

Summary

References

Chapter 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions

Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of Neurons

Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue

Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells

Molecular Motors in the Nervous System

Building and Maintaining Nervous System Cells

References

Chapter 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and Dendrites

Toward a Theory of Neuronal Information Processing

Basic Tools: Cable Theory and Compartmental Models

Spread of Steady-State Signals

Spread of Transient Signals

Electrotonic Properties Underlying Propagation in Axons

Electrotonic Spread in Dendrites

Dynamic Properties of Passive Electrotonic Structure

Relating Passive to Active Potentials

References

Chapter 6. Membrane Potential and Action Potential

Membrane Potential

Action Potential

References

Chapter 7. Neurotransmitters

Several Modes of Neuronal Communication Exist

Chemical Transmission

Classical Neurotransmitters

Nonclassical Neurotransmitters

Peptide Transmitters

Unconventional Transmitters

Synaptic Transmission in Perspective

References

Chapter 8. Release of Neurotransmitters

Transmitter Release Is Quantal

Excitation–Secretion Coupling

Molecular Mechanisms of the Nerve Terminal

Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Physiology

Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity

References

Chapter 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors

Ionotropic Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

References

Chapter 10. Intracellular Signaling

Signaling through G-Protein-Linked Receptors

Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Expression

References

Chapter 11. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration

Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials

Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic Potentials

Integration of Synaptic Potentials

References

Chapter 12. Information Processing in Complex Dendrites

Strategies for Studying Complex Dendrites

An Axon Places Constraints on Dendritic Processing

Dendrodendritic Interactions between Axonal Cells

Passive Dendritic Trees Can Perform Complex Computations

Distal Dendrites Can Be Closely Linked to Axonal Output

Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Dendritic Conductances Interact Dynamically

The Axon Hillock-Initial Segment Encodes Global Output

Retrograde Impulse Spread into Dendrites Can Have Several Functions

Examples of How Voltage-Gated Channels Take Part in Dendritic Integration

Multiple Impulse Initiation Sites Are under Dynamic Control

Dendritic Spines Are Multifunctional Microintegrative Units

Summary: The Dendritic Tree as a Complex Information Processing System

References

Chapter 13. Brain Energy Metabolism

Energy Metabolism of the Brain as a Whole Organ

Coupling of Neuronal Activity, Blood Flow, and Energy Metabolism

Energy-Producing and Energy-Consuming Processes in the Brain

Brain Energy Metabolism at the Cellular Level

Glutamate and Nitrogen Metabolism: A Coordinated Shuttle between Astrocytes and Neurons

The Astrocyte–Neuron Metabolic Unit

References

Section III: Nervous System Development

Chapter 14. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation

Neural Induction

Early Neural Patterning

Regionalization of the Central Nervous System

Regionalization of the Prechordal Central Nervous System

Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. Neurogenesis and Migration

Development of the Peripheral Nervous System

Development of the Central Nervous System

References

Chapter 16. Cellular Determination

Neuronal Phenotypes and Determinants

Determination of Neural Progenitors

Speci.cation of Neural Lineages by Intrinsic Mechanisms

Speci.cation of Neural Fates by Extrinsic Mechanisms

Summary

References

Chapter 17. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfinding

Growth Cones Are Actively Guided

Guidance Cues for Developing Axons

Guidance Cues and the Control of Actin Polymerization

Guidance in Vivo: Reusing Cues for Different Purposes and Changing Responses to Cues

Future Directions

References

Chapter 18. Target Selection, Topographic Maps, and Synapse Formation

Target Selection and Map Formation

Development of the Neuromuscular Synapse

Synapse Formation in the Central Nervous System

References

Chapter 19. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors

Cell Death and the Neurotrophic Hypothesis

Nerve Growth Factor: The Prototype Target-Derived Neuronal Survival Factor

The Neurotrophin Family

Neurotrophin Receptors

Cytokines and Growth Factors in the Nervous System

Neurotrophic Factors Have Multiple Activities

TRK Receptors Are Similar to Other Growth Factor Receptors

Programmed Cell Death of Neurons Is Widespread in Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species

Modes of Cell Death in Developing Neurons

The Mode of Neuronal Cell Death Re.ects the Activation of Distinct Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms

Programmed Cell Death Is Regulated by Interactions with Targets, Afferents, and Nonneuronal Cells

Functions of Neuronal Programmed Cell Death

Programmed Cell Death, Developmental Disorders, and Neurodegenerations

References

Chapter 20. Synapse Elimination

An Overview of Synapse Elimination

The Purpose of Synapse Elimination

A Role for Interaxonal Competition

Spatial Patterning of Connectivity by Synapse Elimination

Activity Is Required for Synapse Elimination

How Widespread Is Activity-Driven Synapse Elimination?

How Are Synaptic Connections Altered?

Is Synapse Elimination Strictly a Developmental Phenomenon?

References

Chapter 21. Early Experience and Critical Periods

Sound Localization: Calibrated by Early Experience in the Owl

Birdsong: Learned by Experience

Filial Imprinting: Babies Learn to Recognize Their Parents

Binocular Vision

Principles of Developmental Learning

References

Section IV: Sensory Systems

Chapter 22. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems

Sensation and Perception

Receptors

Peripheral Organization and Processing

Central Pathways and Processing

Sensory Cortex

Summary

References

Chapter 23. Sensory Transduction

Phototransduction

Olfactory Transduction

Taste

Mechanoreception

References

Chapter 24. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction

Taste

Olfaction

References

Chapter 25. The Somatosensory System

Peripheral Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation

Spinal and Brain Stem Components of the Somatosensory System

The Thalamic Ventrobasal Complex

Somatosensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

References

Chapter 26. Audition

Amplitude and Frequency Ranges of Hearing

External and Middle Ear

The Cochlea

The Auditory Nerve

Descending Systems to the Periphery

Central Nervous System

References

Chapter 27. Vision

Overview

The Eye and the Retina

The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway

References

Section V: Motor Systems

Chapter 28. Fundamentals of Motor Systems

Basic Components of the Motor System

Motor Programs Coordinate Basic Motor Patterns

Roles of Different Parts of the Nervous System in the Control of Movement

Conclusion

References

Chapter 29. The Spinal Cord, Muscle, and Locomotion

Muscles and Their Control

Spinal Networks and the Segmental Motor System

Sensory Modulation

References

Chapter 30. Descending Control of Movement

The Medial Postural System

The Lateral Voluntary System

Summary

References

Chapter 31. The Basal Ganglia

Anatomy of Basal Ganglia

Signaling in Basal Ganglia

The Effect of Basal Ganglia Damage on Behavior

Fundamental Principles of Basal Ganglia Operation for Motor Control

Basal Ganglia Participation in Nonmotor Functions

References

Chapter 32. Cerebellum

Overview

Organization of Signal Processing Modules

Neurons and Their Signals

Activation and Inactivation Studies

Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development

Overall Summary

References

Chapter 33. Eye Movements

There Are Five Types of Eye Movements

Oculomotor Nuclei and Extraocular Muscles

The Vestibulo-Ocular Re.ex

The Optokinetic System

The Saccadic System

Smooth Pursuit

Vergence

Conclusions

References

Section VI: Regulatory systems

Chapter 34. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory Systems

Historical Perspective

General Organizational Principles of the Adult Hypothalamus

Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus

Effector Systems of the Hypothalamus Are Both Humoral and Synaptic

References

Chapter 35. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Division: Organized to Mobilize the Body for Activity

Parasympathetic Division: Organized for Energy Conservation

The Enteric Division of the ANS: The Nerve Net Found in the Walls of Visceral Organs

ANS Pharmacology: Transmitter and Receptor Coding

Autonomic Controls of Homeostasis

Hierarchically Organized CNS Circuits

Perspective: Future of the Autonomic Nervous System

Summary and General Conclusions

References

Chapter 36. Neural Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

Description of the System: An Anatomical Framework

Anatomy and Chemical Properties of Efferent Autonomic Pathways

A System of Generators

Short-Term Control Mechanisms

Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular System

Arterial Baroreceptors

Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors

Cardiac Receptors

Visceral Abdominal Re.exes

References

Chapter 37. Neural Control of Breathing

Early Neuroscience and the Brain Stem

Central Nervous System and Breathing Respiratory Rhythm Generation

Where Are the Neurons That Generate the Breathing Rhythm?

Which Neurons in the Prebötzinger Complex Are Required for Respiratory Rhythm Generation?

Where Are the Respiratory Neurons?

Discharge Patterns of Respiratory Neurons

Sensory Inputs and Altered Breathing

Mechanoreceptors in the Lungs Adjust Breathing Pattern and Initiate Protective Reflexes

Modulation and Plasticity of Respiratory Motor Output

Suprapontine Structures and Breathing

References

Chapter 38. Food Intake and Metabolism

Caloric Homeostasis

Role of Caloric Homeostasis in Control of Food Intake

Central Control of Food Intake

Neuropeptide and the Control of Food Intake

References

Chapter 39. Water Intake and Body Fluids

Body Fluid Physiology

Osmotic Homeostasis

Volume Homeostasis

References

Chapter 40. Neuroendocrine Systems

The Hypothalamus Is a Neuroendocrine Organ

Hypothalamic Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones and Their Targets

Characteristics of Each Neuroendocrine System

Hypothalamic Control of Sexual Behavior

References

Chapter 41. Circadian Timing

Circadian Rhythms Are a Fundamental Adaptation of Living Organisms

Circadian Timing Is Inherited

Circadian Timing in Animals Is a Function of the Nervous System

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Is the Dominant Circadian Pacemaker

Light Is the Dominant Entraining Stimulus

Pacemaker Output Is Limited

The Avian Circadian Timing System Is More Complex Than That of Mammals

Circadian Timing Is Critical for Reproduction in Some Mammals

The Primate Circadian Timing System Functions Principally to Promote Behavioral Adaptation

References

Chapter 42. Sleep, Dreaming, and Wakefulness

The Two States of Sleep: Slow Wave and Rapid Eye Movement

Sleep in the Modern Era of Neuroscience

Anatomy and Physiology of Brain Stem Regulatory Systems

Sensimotor and Modulatory Reticular Neurons Differ Functionally

Other Brain Stem and Diencephalic Neurotransmitter Systems

Modeling the Control of Behavioral State

References

Chapter 43. Motivation and Reward

Neural Mechanisms of Motivation

Dopamine and the Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome

Reinforcement Systems

Brain Aversion Systems

References

Chapter 44. Drug Reward and Addiction

Assessing the Reinforcing Actions of Drugs

Neurobiological Substrates of Drug Reward

Neurobiological Substrates for Motivation Effects of Drug Dependence

Neurochemical Adaptation in Reward Neurotransmitters

Neuroadaptation, Prolonged Abstinence, and Relapse

References

Section VII: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience

Chapter 45. Human Brain Evolution

Evolutionary and Comparative Principles

Early Stages of Brain Evolution

Evolution of Primate Brains

Why Brain Size Is Important

Conclusions

References

Chapter 46. Cognitive Development and Aging

Brain Development

Cognitive Development and Aging: A Life Span Perspective

Pathological Processes in Cognitive Development and Aging

References

Chapter 47. Visual Perception of Objects

The Problem of Object Recognition

Substrates of Object Perception and Recognition: Early Evidence from Brain Damage

Visual Pathways for Object Processing in Nonhuman Primates

Neuronal Properties within the Object Recognition Pathway

Functional Imaging and Electrophysiology of Object Recognition in Humans

Perception and Recognition of Speci.c Classes of Objects

Object Knowledge Is Stored in a Distributed Network of Cortical Areas

References

Chapter 48. Spatial Cognition

Neuroanatomy of Spatial Cognition

Parietal Cortex

Frontal Cortex

Hippocampus and Adjacent Cortex

Spatial Cognition and Spatial Action

References

Chapter 49. Attention

Introduction

Varieties of Attention

Covert Spatial Attention Has Been Studied Intensively with the Cuing Paradigm

Neglect Syndrome: A Deficit of Spatial Attention

The Network Mediating Spatial Attention in Humans Centers Around Frontal and Parietal Cortical Areas

Human Frontal and Parietal Cortical Areas Provide Top-down Signals Controlling Spatial Attention

Visual Salience Maps in Monkey Parietal and Frontal Cortices Guide the Deployment of Spatial Attention

Attention Increases Sensitivity and Boosts the Clarity of Signals Generated by Neurons in Parts of the Visual System Devoted to Processing Information about Objects

Attention Affects Neural Activity in the Human Visual Cortex in the Presence and Absence of Visual Stimulation

The Visual Search Paradigm Has Been Used to Study the Role of Attention in Selecting Relevant Stimuli from within a Cluttered Visual Environment

Where Is the Computational Bottleneck as Revealed by Search Tasks?

Neuronal Receptive Fields Are a Possible Neural Correlate of Limited Capacity

Competition Can Be Biased by Nonspatial Feedback

Filtering of Unwanted Information in Humans

Closely Related Mechanisms Govern Covert Orienting and Target Selection for Eye Movements

Attentional State

Monoamines Act as Neuromodulators

Conclusions

References

Chapter 50. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms

Paradigms Have Been Developed to Study Associative and Nonassociative Learning

Invertebrate Studies: Key Insights from Aplysia into Basic Mechanisms of Learning

Vertebrate Studies: Long-Term Potentiation

Long-Term Depression

How Does a Change in Synaptic Strength Store a Complex Memory?

References

Chapter 51. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems

Early Proposals about Different Forms of Memory

Emergence of the Modern Conception of Memory Systems

Declarative Memory

Procedural Memory

Emotional Memory

Cerebral Cortex and Memory

Conclusions

References

Chapter 52. Language and Communication

Animal Communication

Human Language

Conclusions

References

Chapter 53. The Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Brain Functions

Controlled versus Automatic Processing

Anatomy and Organization of the Prefrontal Cortex

Behavioral Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex

Neurophysiology of the Prefrontal Cortex

Theories of Prefrontal Cortex Function

References

Chapter 54. Executive Control and Thought

Introduction

Working Memory: Storage and Updating

Selective Attention

Switching Attention

What Are the Components in Complex Tasks?

References

Permissions

Contributors

Index