Plant Pathology

Cover

Contents

Preface

Photo credits

About the Author

part one: GENERAL ASPECTS

chapter one: INTRODUCTION

Prologue: The Issues

Plants and Disease

History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases

Losses Caused by Plant Diseases

Plant Pathology in the 20th Century

Plant Pathology Today and Future Directions

Aspects of Applied Plant Pathology

Worldwide Development of Plant Pathology as a Profession

Plant Pathology’s Contribution to Crops and Society

Basic Procedures in the Diagnosis of Plant Diseases

chapter two: PARASITISM AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

Parasitism and Pathogenicity

Host Range of Pathogens

Development of Disease in Plants

Stages in the Development of Disease: The Disease Cycle

Relationships between Disease Cycles and Epidemics

chapter three: EFFECTS OF PATHOGENS ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Effects of Pathogens on Photosynthesis

Effect of Pathogens on Translocation of Water and Nutrients in the Host Plant

Interference with the Translocation of Organic Nutrients through the Phloem

Effect of Pathogens on Host Plant Respiration

Effect of Pathogens on Permeability of Cell Membranes

Effects of Pathogens on Transcription and Translation

Effect of Pathogens on Plant Growth

Effect of Pathogens on Plant Reproduction

chapter four: GENETICS OF PLANT DISEASE

Introduction

Genetics of Virulence in Pathogens and of Resistance in Host Plants

Breeding of Resistant Varieties

Natural Variability in Plants

Breeding and Variability in Plants

Breeding for Disease Resistance

Sources of Genes for Resistance

Techniques Used in Classical Breeding for Disease Resistance

Seed, Pedigree, and Recurrent Selection

Breeding for Resistance Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Techniques

chapter five: HOW PATHOGENS ATTACK PLANTS

Mechanical Forces Exerted By Pathogens on Host Tissues

Chemical Weapons of Pathogens

chapter six: HOW PLANTS DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST PATHOGENS

Whatever the Plant Defense or Resistance, It Is Controlled by Its Genes

Preexisting Structural and Chemical Defenses

Defense through Lack of Essential Factors

Induced Structural and Biochemical Defenses

Induced Structural Defenses

Cytoplasmic Defense Reaction

Cell Wall Defense Structures

Induced Biochemical Defenses in: Non-Host Resistance

In Partial, Quantitative (Polygenic, General, or Horizontal) Resistance

Induced Biochemical Defenses in the Hypersensitive Response (R Gene) Resistance

Detoxification of Pathogen Toxins by Plants

Immunization of Plants against Pathogens

Defense through Plantibodies

Systemic Acquired Resistance

Induction by Artificial Inoculation with Microbes or by Treatment with Chemicals

Defense through Genetically Engineering Disease-Resistant Plants

With Plant-Derived Genes

With Pathogen-Derived Genes

chapter seven: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTIOUS PLANT DISEASE

Effect of Temperature

Effect of Moisture

Effect of Wind

Effect of Light

Effect of Soil pH and Soil Structure

Effect of Host-Plant Nutrition

Effect of Herbicides

Effect of Air Pollutants

chapter eight: PLANT DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY

The Elements of an Epidemic

Host Factors That Affect the Development of Epidemics

Pathogen Factors That Affect Development of Epidemics

Environmental Factors That Affect Development of Epidemics

Effect of Human Cultural Practices and Control Measures

Measurement of Plant Disease and of Yield Loss

Patterns of Epidemics

Comparison of Epidemics

Development of Epidemics

Modeling of Plant Disease Epidemics

Computer Simulation of Epidemics

Forecasting Plant Disease Epidemics

New Tools in Epidemiology

Examples of Plant Disease Forecast Systems

Risk Assessment of Plant Disease Epidemics

Disease-Warning Systems

Development and Use of Expert Systems in Plant Pathology

Decision Support Systems

chapter nine: CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES

Control Methods that Exclude the Pathogen from the Host

Control Methods that Eradicate or Reduce Pathogen Inoculum

Disease Control by Immunizing, or Improving the Resistance of, the Host

Direct Protection of Plants from Pathogens

Biological Control of Weeds

Direct Protection by Chemicals

Integrated Control of Plant Diseases

In a Perennial Crop

In an Annual Crop

part two: SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES

chapter ten: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAUSE PLANT DISEASES

Introduction

General Characteristics

Diagnosis

Temperature Effects

High-Temperature Effects

Low-Temperature Effects

Low- Temperature Effects on Indoor Plants

Moisture Effects

Low Soil Moisture Effects

Low Relative Humidity

High Soil Moisture Effects

Inadequate Oxygen

Light

Air Pollution

Air Pollutants and Kinds of Injury to Plants

Main Sources of Air Pollutants

How Air Pollutants Affect Plants

Acid Rain

Nutritional Deficiencies in Plants

Soil Minerals Toxic to Plants

Herbicide Injury

Hail Injury

Lightning

Other Improper Agricultural Practices

The Often Confused Etiology of Stress Diseases

chapter eleven: PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI

Introduction

Characteristics of plant pathogenic fungi

Classification of Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Identification

Symptoms Caused by Fungi on Plants

Isolation of fungi (and Bacteria)

Life Cycles of Fungi

Control of Fungal Diseases of Plants

Diseases Caused by Fungallike Organisms

Diseases Caused by Myxomycota (Myxomycetes)

Diseases Caused by Plasmodiophoromycetes

Diseases Caused by Oomycetes

Diseases Caused by True Fungi

Diseases Caused by Chytridiomycetes

Diseases Caused by Zygomycetes

Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Mitosporic Fungi

Foliar Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Stem and Twig Cankers Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Anthracnose Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Deureromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Fruit and General Diseases Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Vascular Wilts Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Root and Stem Rots Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Mitosporic Fungi)

Postharvest Diseases of Plant Products Caused by Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes

Diseases Caused by Basidiomycetes

The Rusts

The Smuts

Root and Stem Rots Caused by Basidiomycetes

chapter twelve: PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY PROKARYOTES: BACTERIA AND MOLLICUTES

Introduction

Plant Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Bacterial Spots and Blights

Bacterial Vascular Wilts

Bacterial Soft Rots

Bacterial Galls

Bacterial Cankers

Bacterial Scabs

Root Nodules of Legumes

Plant Diseases Caused by Fastidious Vascular Bacteria

Xylem-Inhabiting Fastidious Bacteria

Plant Diseases Caused By Mollicutes: Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas

Examples of Plant Diseases Caused by Mollicutes

Spiroplasma Diseases

Citrus Stubborn Disease

Corn Stunt Disease

chapter thirteen: PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITIC HIGHER PLANTS, INVASIVE CLIMBING PLANTS, AND PARASITIC GREEN ALGAE

Introduction

Parasitic Higher Plants

Invasive Climbing Plants

Parasitic Green Algae

Cephaleuros

Plant Diseases Caused by Algae

chapter fourteen: PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES

Introduction

Characteristics of Plant Viruses

The Biological Function of Viral Components: Coding

Virus Infection and Virus Synthesis

Translocation and Distribution of Viruses in Plants

Symptoms Caused by Plant Viruses

Physiology of Virus-Infected Plants

Transmission of Plant Viruses By: Vegetative Propagation

Sap

Seed

Pollen

Insects

Mites

Nematodes

Fungi

Dodder

Epidemiology of Plant Viruses and Viroids

Purification of Plant Viruses

Serology of Plant Viruses

Nomenclature and Classification of Plant Viruses

Detection and Identification of Plant Viruses

Economic Importance of Plant Viruses

Control of Plant Viruses

Diseases Caused by Rigid Rod-Shaped Viruses

Diseases Caused by Filamentous Viruses

Diseases Caused by Potyviridae

Diseases Caused by Closteroviridae

Diseases Caused by Isometric Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

Diseases Caused by Sequiviridae, Genus Waikavirus

Diseases Caused by Luteoviridae

Diseases Caused by Monopartite Isometric (+)ssRNA Viruses of Genera Not Yet Assigned to Families

Diseases Caused by Bromoviridae

Diseases Caused by Cucumoviruses

Diseases Caused by Ilarviruses

Prunus Necrotic Ring Spot

Diseases Caused by Isometric Double-Stranded RNA Viruses

Diseases Caused by Negative RNA [(-)ssRNA] Viruses

Plant Diseases Caused by Rhabdoviruses

Diseases Caused by Double-Stranded DNA Viruses

Diseases Caused by Caulimoviruses and Other Isometric Caulimoviridae

Diseases Caused by Single-Stranded DNA Viruses

Plant Diseases Caused by Geminiviridae

Plant Diseases Caused by Circoviridae

chapter fifteen: PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY NEMATODES

Introduction

Characteristics of Plant Pathogenic Nematodes

Isolation of Nematodes

Symptoms Caused by Nematodes

How Nematodes Affect Plants

Interrelationships between Nematodes and Other Plant Pathogens

Control of Nematodes

Root-Knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne

Cyst Nematodes: Heterodera and Globodera

The Citrus Nematode: Tylenchulus Semipenetrans

Lesion Nematodes: Pratylenchus

The Burrowing Nematode: Radopholus