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Front Cover
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Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms
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Copyright Page
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Contents
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Contributors
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Foreword
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Preface
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Acknowledgments
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SECTION I: NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS AND ADDICTION
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Chapter 1. Biological Bases of the Stress Response
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I. Introduction
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II. Physiological Stress Research
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III. Major Components of the Biological Stress Response System
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IV. Other Stress-Responsive Hormone Axes
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V. Other Stress-Responsive Systems
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VI. Final Remarks
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References
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Chapter 2. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Addiction
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I. Introduction
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II. Stress and the HPA Axis
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III. Stress, the HPA Axis, and the Acquisition of Drug Taking
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IV. Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction in Humans
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V. The HPA Axis and the Maintenance of Drug Taking
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VI. Relapse to Addiction
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VII. Inconsistencies
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VIII. Conclusions and Implications for the Treatment of Addiction
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References
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Chapter 3. Dopaminergic Reward Pathways and Effects of Stress
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I. Defining Stress
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II. The Mesencephalic Dopamine System
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III. Dopamine and Addiction
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IV. Dopamine and Stress
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V. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 4. Endogenous Opiates, Addiction, and the Stress Response
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I. Introduction
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II. The Endogenous Opioid System
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III. The Endogenous Opioid System and Reward and Reinforcement
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IV. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Activity
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V. Effect of Alcohol on Endogenous Opioid Receptors
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VI. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Alcohol Preference
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VII. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction
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VIII. Endogenous Opioid Activity and Receptors and Cocaine Preference
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IX. Opioid Antagonists in the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction
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X. Opioids and Risk for Alcoholism
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XI. The µ-Opioid Receptor Gene
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XII. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 5. Early Life Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction
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I. Introduction
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II. Neurohormonal Mechanisms of Stress Relevant to Cocaine Addiction
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III. Animal Models
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IV. Neurohormonal Effects of Neonatal Isolation
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V. Behavioral Effects of Neonatal Isolation
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VI. Sex Differences and Estrous Stage Effects of Neonatal Isolation
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VII. Maternal Care Hypothesis
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VIII. Conclusions and Translation for Clinical Relevance
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References
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Chapter 6. Genetics, Stress, and the Risk for Addiction
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I. Introduction
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II. The Extent of the Problem: Prevalence of Addiction
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III. Heritability of Addiction
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IV. HPA Axis
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V. The “Reward” Pathway of Addiction: Interaction with Stress
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VI. Reward Pathway and Stress Response: Key Neurotransporter Systems
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VII. Limbic Regulation of Response to Stress
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VIII. The Locus Coeruleus (LC)-Norepinephrine (NE) System
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IX. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 7. Neurobiology of Stress and Risk for Relapse
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I. Overview
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II. Animal Models for Studying the Effects of Stress on Relapse to Drug Seeking: The Reinstatement Procedure
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III. The Neurobiology of Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking
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IV. Long-Lasting Changes in the Responsivity of the Central Nervous System to CRF: Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Studies with Potential Implications for Reinstatement
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V. Conclusions
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References
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SECTION II: PSYCHOSOCIAL PROCESSES RELATED TO STRESS AND ADDICTION
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Chapter 8. Negative Affect and Addiction
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I. Introduction
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II. Precisely What Is Negative Affect?
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III. Historical Perspectives on the Role of Withdrawal, Negative Affect, and Substance Abuse
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IV. Drug Expectancy Effects and NA
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V. Initiation Stage: Drug Use and NA
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VI. Maintenance Stage: Drug Use and NA
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VII. Relapse Stage: Drug Use and NA
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VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions
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References
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Chapter 9. Stress and Impulsive Behaviors
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I. Introduction
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II. Impulse Control and Substance Use Disorders
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III. Reward-Seeking Behavior: Pathological Gambling (PG)
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IV. Habit Behavior: Trichotillomania (TTM)
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V. Lack of Premeditation: Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)
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VI. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 10. Psychosocial Determinants of the Stress Response
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I. Introduction
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II. Sociodemographic Factors and Stress Responses
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III. Life Stress Exposure
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IV. Protective Psychosocial Factors
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V. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 11. Individual Differences in Response to Stress and Risk for Addiction
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I. Introduction
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II. Stress and the Brain’s Motivational Systems
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III. Hedonic Homeostasis in Addiction Risk
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IV. Affective Regulation and Vulnerability to Addiction
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V. Addictions and Abnormalities of HPAC Regulation of Cortisol Secretion
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VI. Risk for Addiction, Central Opioid Function, and Regional Brain Function
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VII. The VAL158MET Polymorphism and Opioid Function
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VIII. Addiction, Response to Stress, and Hedonic Dysregulation
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IX. Life Events, Behavioral Dispositions, and Addiction Risk
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X. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 12. Addiction and Stress in Adolescents
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I. Introduction
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II. Adolescent Development
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III. Life Stress in Adolescence
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IV. Adolescent Stress and Addictive Behaviors
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V. Implications for Adolescent Addiction Interventions
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VI. Summary
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References
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SECTION III: CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION
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Chapter 13. Assessment of Stress in Research and Clinical Settings
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I. Introduction
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II. The Assessment of Stressful Life Events
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III. The Assessment of Self-Reported Stress
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IV. Biological and Physiological Assessment
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V. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Measures
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VI. The Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary (SAM) System
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VII. The Immune Response
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VIII. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 14. Assessment of Addictions in Clinical and Research Settings
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I. Introduction
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II. Addiction Screens
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III. Diagnostic Measures
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IV. Symptom Severity Measures
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V. Behavioral Measures
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VI. Treatment Planning
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VII. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 15. Stress, Anxiety, and Addiction: Intervention Strategies
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I. Introduction
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II. Stress-Related Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
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III. Anxiety Disorders and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
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IV. Moderators of the Anxiety and SUD Association
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V. Treatment of Comorbid Disorders
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VI. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Program Concepts
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VII. Anxiety and SUD Treatment Outcomes
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VIII. Treatment Studies Reviewed
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IX. Conclusions
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References
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Chapter 16. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders
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I. Epidemiology and Course
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II. Genetics of PTSD and Addiction
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III. Neurobiology of Stress and Substance Abuse Disorders
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IV. Treatment Implications
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V. Summary and Future Directions
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References
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Chapter 17. Novel Pharmacologic Treatment of Stress and Addiction: The Role of CRF and Glucocorticoid Antagonists
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I. General Mechanisms of Addiction
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II. Behavioral Paradigms
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III. General Mechanisms of Stress Response
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IV. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor
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V. Glucocorticoids
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VI. CRF Receptors
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VII. CRF Pharmacology
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VIII. CRF in Addiction and Stress
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IX. Corticosteroids and Addiction
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X. Stress and Addiction: Mechanistic Overview
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XI. Clinical Trials with CRF Compounds
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XII. Conclusions
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Disclosure
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References
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Chapter 18. Current and Future Directions of Research on Stress and Addictive Behaviors
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I. Introduction
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II. Working Model
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III. Stress and Vulnerability to Addiction
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IV. Stress and Ongoing Addiction and Relapse
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V. Factors Affecting Stress and Addiction Interactions
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VI. Stress, Poor Behavioral Regulation, and Addiction
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VII. Coping Resources
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VIII. Discussions and Future Directions
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IX. Conclusions
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References
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Subject Index
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Author Index
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