Handbook of Microdialysis - Methods, Applications and Perspectives

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Handbook of Microdialysis: Methods, Applications and Perspectives

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Part One

Section 1: Interpretation and Significance

Chapter 1.1. What did we learn from microdialysis?

I. Introduction

II. Early studies of chemical transmission in the brain in vivo

III. The introduction of microdialysis

IV. Early microdialysis studies in Stockholm

V. Microdialysis and neuropharmacology

VI. Microdialysis problems

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 1.2. Microdialysis of glutamate and GABA in the brain: analysis and interpretation

I. Introduction

II. Analysis of GABA and glutamate

III. Microdialysis of glutamate: interpretation

IV. Microdialysis of GABA: interpretation

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 1.3. Insights into glutamate physiology: contribution of studies utilizing in vivo microdialysis

I. Glutamate sampling techniques

II. Astrocytes maintain neuronal glutamate

III. Glutamate receptors

IV. Cellular processes capable of glutamate release

V. Synaptic origin of stimulated release

VI. Therapeutic targets detected by microdialysis

VII. Conclusion

References

Chapter 1.4. The validity of intracerebral microdialysis

I. Introduction

II. Theory of single-probe microdialysis

III. Studying basal DA to infer errors in quantitative microdialysis

IV. Data from other neurotransmitters

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 1.5. Microdialysis in the brain of anesthetized vs. freely moving animals

I. Introduction

II. Advantages and drawbacks of microdialysis in anesthetized and freely moving animals

III. The use of anesthesia in microdialysis

IV. The effects of anesthetics on neurotransmitter systems in the brain

V. Comparison of neurotransmitter dynamics in the freely moving and anesthetized preparation

VI. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 1.6. Quantitative aspects of brain microdialysis: insights from voltammetric measurements of dopamine next to microdialysis probes

I. Introduction

II. The issue of in vivo calibration

III. An example of in vitro microdialysis where E and R are different

IV. A comment about the concentration-independence of E and R

V. Voltammetry as a tool to investigate in vivo recovery of dopamine

VI. Comparison of the in vivo extraction and recovery of dopamine

VII. A comment regarding in vivo dopamine recovery at zero perfusion velocity

VIII. How important is the difference between E and R?

IX. What do microdialysis results tell us?

X. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Section 2: Methods

Chapter 2.1. New methodological aspects of microdialysis

I. Introduction

II. Advancements in microdialysis sampling

III. Conclusions

References

Chapter 2.2. Principles of quantitative microdialysis

I. Introduction

II. Mathematical framework

III. Experimental methodology

IV. Analysis

V. Illustrative application to dopamine microdialysis

VI. Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.3. Automation of blood and microdialysis sampling: combinatorial pharmacology

I. Introduction

II. Animal containment

III. Automated dosing

IV. Microdialysis pumps

V. Microdialysis probes

VI. Sampling physiological fluid

VII. Bioanalytical chemistry

VIII. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.4. Dopamine–acetylcholine interactions in the brain studied by in vivo microdialysis

I. Introduction

II. DA/ACh neurotransmission elements and microdialysis methodological variables

III. Dopaminergic regulation of ACh efflux in the brain

IV. Cholinergic regulation of DA efflux in the brain

V. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.5. Microdialysis as a platform for multidisciplinary strategies

I. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavioral studies

II. Pharmacology and/or induction of a pathological condition, biochemistry and electrophysiology

III. Monitoring of physiological and/or biochemical variables, with methods independent of microdialysis

IV. Limitations and pitfalls of multidisciplinary strategies centered on microdialysis

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 2.6. Ultraslow microfiltration and microdialysis for in vivo sampling: principle, techniques, and applications

I. Introduction and scope

II. Microfiltration sampling techniques

III. Membrane biofouling and tissue changes

IV. Biomedical and clinical application of MF and usMD

V. Analytical detection

VI. Conclusion

References

Section 3: Analytical Chemical Aspects of Microdialysis

Chapter 3.1. Liquid chromatographic methods used for microdialysis: an overview

I. Introduction

II. LC considerations

III. Miniaturisation: how far can we go?

IV. Overview of LC methods for analysis of microdialysates

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 3.2. Microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

I. Introduction

II. Neuropeptides and mass spectrometry

III. Liquid chromatography

IV. Mass spectrometry

V. Tandem-mass spectrometry for the monitoring of drugs and neuropeptides

VI. Neuropeptide identification

VII. In vivo microdialysis coupled on-line with LC–MS/MS

VIII. Future perspectives

References

Chapter 3.3. Improvement of the temporal resolution of brain microdialysis: sampling in seconds

I. Introduction

II. Analytical techniques to improve the temporal resolution of brain microdialysis

III. Collection and treatment of small volume samples

References

Chapter 3.4. In vivo peptidomics: discovery and monitoring of neuropeptides using microdialysis and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

I. Introduction

II. Neuropeptide detection and identification in vivo using microdialysis combined with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS)

IV. Screening and identification of function of novel neuropeptides

References

Part Two

Section 4: Microdialysis and the Study of Behaviour

Chapter 4.1. Microdialysis to study the effects of stress on serotonin, corticosterone and behaviour

I. Introduction

II. Home cage and sleep/wake behaviour

III. Stressful challenges and anxiety tests

IV. Combination of neurotransmitter and corticosterone dialysis

V. Conclusions

List of abbreviations

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4.2. Microdialysis of dopamine and norepinephrine during conditioning and operant behaviour

I. Introduction

II. Methods

III. DA and NA: basic considerations

IV. Classical conditioning

V. Operant conditioning

VI. Dopamine, noradrenaline and learning

VII. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4.3. Microdialysis in the study of behavior reinforcement and inhibition

I. Introduction

II. Natural rewards

III. Artificial rewards

IV. Natural and artificial rewards: do they share common reward mechanisms and circuitry?

V. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4.4. Changes in acetylcholine extracellular levels during cognitive processes

I. Introduction

II. Methodological issues

III. Microdialysis studies in animals performing spontaneous behaviors involving congnitive processes

IV. Acetylcholine release during attention

V. Acetylcholine release in learning, memory, and recall

VI. Conclusions

References

Section 5: CNS Pathology Models

Chapter 5.1. Microdialysis in genetically altered animals

I. Introduction

II. Practical aspects of microdialysis in mice

III. Microdialysis studies in mutant mice

IV. Conclusion

References

Chapter 5.2. The use of microdialysis in neuropsychiatric disease models

I. Introduction

II. Ethical and theoretical considerations

III. Microdialysis methodology in animal models

IV. Psychotropic drug induced models of schizophrenia

V. Cognition models of schizophrenia

VI. Neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia

VII. Environmental models of schizophrenia

VIII. Connectivity models

IX. Stress models

X. Anxiety and panic models

XI. Obsessive–compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder models

XII. Addiction models

XIII. Depression models

XIV. Concluding remarks and outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5.3. The use of microdialysis for the study of neurological disorders

I. Introduction

II. Microdialysis, an indispensable tool for studying animal model of disease

III. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5.4. Online glucose and lactate monitoring during physiological and pathological conditions

I. Introduction

II. Brain metabolism under physiological conditions

III. Glucose and lactate under pathological conditions

IV. Microdialysis in the clinic

V. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5.5. Microdialysis in pain research

I. Introduction

II. Microdialysis in the spinal cord following noxious stimulation

III. Microdialysis in brain regions of importance for pain transmission and modulation

IV. Conclusion

References

Section 6: Role of Microdialysis in Drug Development

Chapter 6.1. The role of microdialysis in drug discovery: focus on antipsychotic agents

I. Introduction: aims of review

II. The role of microdialysis in the characterisation of psychotropic agents

III. Focus on antipsychotic agents

IV. Some perspectives for future research

V. Summary and conclusions

References

Chapter 6.2. Use of microdialysis in drug discovery and development: industry and regulatory perspectives

I. The drug discovery process and attrition

II. Microdialysis in drug discovery and development

III. FDA Critical Path Initiative and regulatory aspects

IV. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6.3. The use of brain microdialysis in antidepressant drug research

I. Introduction

II. SSRIs: selective but complex actions on 5-HT neurons

III. Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

IV. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

V. Peptide antagonists

VI. Concluding remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6.4. Microdialysis as a method to study blood-brain barrier transport mechanisms

I. Introduction

II. The blood-brain barrier (BBB)

III. In vivo techniques for BBB transport

IV. Microdialysis in BBB transport

V. BBB transport studies using microdialysis

VI. Discussion and conclusions

References

Chapter 6.5. Assaying protein-unbound drugs using microdialysis techniques

I. Introduction

II. Principles of microdialysis

III. Protein binding and equilibrium dialysis

IV. Microdialysis experiments

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 6.6. Microdialysis for characterization of PK/PD relationships

I. Introduction

II. Prerequisites for PK/PD measurements using microdialysis

III. Concentration and time aspects of drug presence at the site of action in relation to PD

IV. Examples of PK/PD studies with microdialysis

V. Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 6.7. Application of microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies

I. Introduction

II. Microdialysis sampling in pharmacokinetic studies

III. Selected studies utilizing microdialysis sampling in pharmacokinetic investigations

IV. The importance of characterizing recovery – the good, the bad, and the ugly in microdialysis sampling in pharmacokinetic studies

References

Section 7: Clinical Applications

Chapter 7.1. Microdialysis in clinical drug delivery studies

I. Tissue distribution and drug response variability

II. In vivo microdialysis in healthy human subjects and patients

III. Current clinical applications in drug delivery studies

IV. In vivo microdialysis and combinatory use with positron emission tomography

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7.2. Transport of glucose to a probe in adipose tissue

I. Introduction

II. Adipose tissue

III. The model

IV. The extraction equation

V. Features of the no-net-flux method

VI. Implantation effects

VII. The ‘‘delay time’’ phenomenon

VIII. Conclusion

References

Chapter 7.3. Neurochemical monitoring in neurointensive care using intracerebral microdialysis

I. Introduction

II. How do compare results of cerebral microdialysis with more clinical data?

III. What is the interest and what are the limitations of microdialysis?

IV. What is the influence of cares provided to patients on the biochemical data obtained with microdialysis?

V. Conclusion

References

Chapter 7.4. Microdialysis in the human brain: clinical applications

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

III. Clinical studies

IV. Conclusions

References

Subject Index