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Front Cover
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Development of the Nervous System
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Copyright
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To our families
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Contents
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Preface to the Third Edition
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Preface to the Second Edition
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Preface to the First Edition
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Chapter 1: Neural induction
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Development and Evolution of Neurons
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Early Embryology of Metazoans
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Derivation of Neural Tissue
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Interactions with Neighboring Tissues in Making Neural Tissue
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The Molecular Nature of the Neural Inducer
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Conservation of Neural Induction
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Interactions among the ectodermal cells in controlling neuroblast segregation
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 2: Polarity and segmentation
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Regional identity of the nervous system
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The anterior–posterior axis and hox genes
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Hox gene function in the vertebrate nervous system
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Signaling molecules that pattern the anterior–posterior axis in vertebrates: heads or tails
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Organizing centers in the developing brain
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Forebrain development, prosomeres, and pax genes
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Dorsal–ventral polarity in the neural tube
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Dorsal neural tube and neural crest
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Patterning the cerebral cortex
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 3: Genesis and migration
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What Determines the Number of Cells Produced by the Progenitors?
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The Generation of Neurons and Glia
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Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis
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Cerebellar Cortex Histogenesis
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration
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Postembryonic and Adult Neurogenesis
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 4: Determination and differentiation
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Transcriptional Hierarchies in Invariant Lineages: C. Elegans Neurons
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Spatial and Temporal Coordinates of Determination: Drosophila CNS Neuroblasts
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Asymmetric Cell Divisions and Asymmetric Fate
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Generating Complexity Through Cellular Interactions: the Drosophila Retina
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Specification and Differentiation Through Cellular Interactions and Interactions With the Local Environment: the Vertebrate Neural Crest
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Competence and Histogenesis: the Mammalian Cortex
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The Interplay of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences in Histogenesis: the Vertebrate Retina
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Interpreting Gradients and the Spatial Organization of cell Types: Spinal Motor Neurons
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 5: Axon growth and guidance
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The Growth Cone
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The Dynamic Cytoskeleton
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Dendrite Formation
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What do Growth Cones Grow on?
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What Provides Directional Information to Growth Cones?
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Cell Adhesion and Labeled Pathways
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Repulsive Guidance
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Chemotaxis, Gradients, and Local Information
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Signal Transduction
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The midline: to Cross or Not to Cross?
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Attraction and Repulsion: Desensitization and Adaptation
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The Optic Pathway: Getting There From Here
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 6: Target selection
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Defasciculation
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Target Recognition and Target Entry
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Slowing Down and Branching in the Target Region
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Border Patrol: the Prevention of Inappropriate Targeting
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Topographic Mapping
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Chemospecificity and Ephrins
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The Third Dimension, Lamina-Specific Termination
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Cellular and Synaptic Targeting
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Sniffing out Targets
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Shifting and Fine Tuning of Connections
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 7: Naturally-occurring neuron death
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What Does Neuron Death Look Like?
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Early Elimination of Progenitor Cells
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How Many Differentiated Neurons Die?
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Survival Depends on the Synaptic Target
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NGF: a Target-Derived Survival Factor
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The Neurotrophin Family
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The Trk Family of Neurotrophin Receptors
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How Does the Neurotrophin Signal Reach the Soma?
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The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Can Initiate Cell Death
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Cytokines Act as Neuron Survival Factors
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Hormonal Control of Neuron Survival
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Cell Death Requires Protein Synthesis
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Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Survival
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Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Mediate Death
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Caspases: Agents of Death
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Bcl-2 Proteins: Regulators of Programmed Cell Death
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Removal of Dying Neurons
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Synaptic Transmission at the Target
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Afferent Regulation of Neuron Survival
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Intracellular Calcium Mediates Both Survival and Death
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 8: Synapse formation and function
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What do Newly Formed Synapses Look Like?
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Where Do Synapses Form on the Postsynaptic Cell?
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How Rapidly Are Synapses Added to the Nervous System?
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The First Signs of Synapse Function
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The Decision to form a Synapse
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The Sticky Synapse
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Converting Growth Cones to Presynaptic Terminals
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Receptor Clustering and Postsynaptic Differentiation at the NMJ
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Agrin is a Transynaptic Clustering Signal at the NMJ
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Receptor Clustering Signals in the CNS
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Scaffold Proteins and Receptor Aggregation in the CNS
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Innervation Increases Receptor Expression and Insertion
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Synaptic Activity Regulates Receptor Density
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Maturation of Transmission and Receptor Isoform Transitions
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Maturation of Transmitter Reuptake
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Short-term Plasticity
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Appearance of Synaptic Inhibition
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Is Inhibition Really Inhibitory During Development?
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 9: Refinement of synaptic connections
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The early Pattern of Connections
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Functional Synapses are Eliminated
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Many Axonal Arborizations are Eliminated or Refined
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The Sensory Environment Influences Synaptic Connections
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Activity Influences Synapse Elimination at the NMJ
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Synapse Refinement is Reflected in Sensory Coding Properties
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Activity contributes to Topography and the Alignment of Maps
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Spontaneous Activity and Afferent Refinement
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Critical Periods: Enhanced Plasticity During Development
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Heterosynaptic Depression and Synapse Elimination
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Involvement of Intracellular Calcium
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Calcium-Activated Second Messenger Systems
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Gain Control
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Homeostatic Plasticity: the More Things Change, the More they Stay the Same
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Plasticity of Inhibitory Connections
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Synaptic Influence on Neuron Morphology
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Summary
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References
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Chapter 10: Behavioral development
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Behavioral Ontogeny
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The first Movements are Spontaneous
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The Mechanism of Spontaneous Movements
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More Complex Behavior is Assembled from the Integration of Simple Circuits
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The role of Activity in the Emergence of Coordinated Behavior
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Stage-specific Behaviors
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Genetic Determinants of Behavior
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Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Development
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Beginning to Make Sense of the World
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Asking Babies Questions (and Getting Some Answers!)
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Acute Hearing
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Sharp Eyesight
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Sex-specific Behavior
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Genetic Sex
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Hormonal Control of Brain Gender
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Singing in the Brain
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Genetic Control of Brain Hender in Flies
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From Genome to Brain Gender in Vertebrates?
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Genomic Imprinting: The Ultimate in Parental Control
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Hit the Ground Learning
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Learning preferences from aversions
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Skill Learning: It Don’t Come Easy
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Getting information from one brain to another
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Language
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Summary
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References
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Molecules and Genes Index
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Subject Index
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