Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Articular Chondrocytes - Expression, Distribution and Functional Regulation of GLUT Isoforms by Hypoxia, Hypoxia Mimetics, Growth Factors and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

List of Contents

Abstract

1 Introduction

1.1 Nutrient Sensing: A Fundamental Property of All Living Cells

1.2 Glucose: The Universal Energy Currency

1.3 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism by Feedback Regulation

1.4 Glucose Sensors: Lessons Learned from Other Organisms

2 Articular Cartilage: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology

2.1 Normal Articular Cartilage Structure and Function

2.2 Loss of Articular Cartilage Structure and Function in Osteoarthritis

3 Does Arthritis Have a Nutritional Etiology?

3.1 Nutrition and Osteoarthritis

3.2 Nutrition and Osteochondritis Dissecans

3.3 Nutrient Diffusion in the Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage

3.4 Cartilage Canals and Vascular Supply in Subchondral Bone

3.5 Joint Microcirculation

3.6 Diet Influences Cartilage Canal Development

4 Metabolic Dysfunction in Arthritis

4.1 Regulation of Cartilage Turnover by Nutritional and Endocrine Factors

4.2 Resistance to IGF-I Implicates Metabolic Dysfunction in OA

5 Glucose: An Essential Metabolite and Structural Precursor for Articular Cartilage

5.1 Glucose Metabolism in Articular Cartilage

5.2 Glycolysis, Glucose Metabolism, and ATP Production in Articular Cartilage

6 Mammalian Sugar Transporter Families: GLUT and SGLT

6.1 Physiological Roles of GLUTs 1–5

6.2 Physiological Roles of GLUTs 6–14

7 Molecular Diversity of Facilitative Glucose Transporters in Articular Chondrocytes

7.1 Functional Significance of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in Articular Chondrocytes: The Developmental Perspective

7.2 Functional Significance of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in Articular Chondrocytes: The Metabolic Perspective

7.3 Regulation of Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Responsive Gene Expression by the Transcription Factor HIF- 1a in Chondrocytes

7.4 Expression of HIF- 1a and GLUT1 in Normal and Osteoarthritic Articular Cartilage

7.5 Functional Significance of ATP-Sensitive (K ATP ) Potassium Channels in Articular Chondrocytes

8 Regulation of Glucose Transport by Nonsteroidal Anti- inflammatory Drugs

9 Glucose Transporters in the Intervertebral Disc

10 Glucose Transporter Expression and Regulation in Embryonic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

11 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

Index