Introduction to Social Systems Engineering

Foreword I

Foreword II

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Emergence of Social Systems Engineering (SSE)

1 Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Social System and Social Systems Engineering

1.2.1 Exploration of Social System and SSE Before the 20th Century

1.2.2 Exploration of Social System in the 20th Century

1.2.2.1 Exploration by Sociologists

1.2.2.2 Exploration by System Scientists and Electrical Engineers

1.2.3 Exploration of SSE in the 20th Century

1.2.3.1 Exploration by Universities in Japan

1.2.3.2 Exploration by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

1.2.4 Exploration of Social System in the 21st Century

1.2.4.1 Human Ecology-Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development by Marten (2001)

1.2.4.2 The Handbook of Economic Sociology (2nd Ed.) by Smelser and Swedberg (2005)

1.2.4.3 Systems Thinking for Social Change by Stroh (2015)

1.2.5 Exploration of SSE in the 21st Century

1.2.5.1 Book Publications About SSE

1.2.5.2 Description of Social-Systems Approach

1.2.5.3 Description of Social Engineering

1.3 Social Systems Engineering

1.3.1 Necessity of Developing SSE. Two Aspects Necessitate the Development of SSE

1.3.1.1 Necessity to Promote and Improve the Development of Human Society

1.3.1.2 Necessity for Advancement in Education System to Train Qualified Personnel

1.3.2 Time Is Ripe for Development of SSE

1.3.2.1 There Is an Urgent Demand for the Development of SSE

1.3.2.2 The Scope of Study of SSE is Basically Defined and Practiced

1.3.2.3 Some Difficulties in SSE are Resolved and Some are Being Explored

1.4 Exploration of Definition of Social Systems Engineering

1.4.1 Current State

1.4.1.1 Definition of Social System Engineering by Oosawa (2007)

1.4.1.2 Definition of SSE by Yang and Li (2008)

1.4.2 Definition of SSE Given in This Book

1.4.2.1 Principal Underlining the Definition

1.4.2.2 Components of SSE

1.4.2.3 Definition of SSE Given in This Book

1.4.2.4 Explanation of the SSE Definition

1.4.2.5 Qualifications for a Social System Engineer

1.5 Content Structure of This Book

References

2 General Systems Theory and Systems Engineering

2.1 Science, Technology (S&T) and Society

2.1.1

2.1.1.1 The Higher Economic Growth Performance Since the First Industrial Revolution

2.1.1.2 The Role of S&T in Economic Development

2.1.2 Major Events in the History of Science and Technology (S&T)

2.1.2.1 Science Before There Were Scientists: 2,400,000–599 BC

2.1.2.2 Greek and Hellenistic Science 600 BC–529 AD

2.1.2.3 Medieval Science 530–1452

2.1.2.4 The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution 1453–1659

2.1.2.5 The Newtonian Epoch 1660–1734

2.1.2.6 The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution 1735–1819

2.1.2.7 Nineteenth-Century Science 1820–1894

2.1.2.8 Science in the 20th Century Through Two World Wars 1895–1945

2.1.2.9 Summarized Tables of History of Growth of Science and Technology

2.2 Rise and Development of General Systems Theory

2.2.1 Rise of General Systems Theory

2.2.1.1 Trends of Science in the Early 20th Century

2.2.1.2 Rise of General Systems Theory

2.2.2 Systems and Key Concepts of General Systems Theory

2.2.2.1 Definition of Systems

2.2.2.2 Nature of Structure of Systems and Its Classification

2.2.2.3 Key Concepts of General Systems Theory

2.2.3 Evolution of General Systems Theory

2.2.3.1 The General Living Systems Theory by Miller, J. G.

2.2.3.2 Bowen and Family Systems Theory

2.2.3.3 Powers and the Control Theory

2.2.3.4 Taylor and the Geopolitical Systems Model

2.2.3.5 Comment: Taylor’s Study Is Quoted because of Two Reasons

2.2.4 Application of General Systems Theory

2.2.4.1 General

2.2.4.2 Application of GST to Social Science and Planning

2.3 Rise and Development of Systems Engineering (SE)

2.3.1 History of Formation of Systems Engineering and Its Definitions

2.3.1.1 History of Formation of Systems Engineering

2.3.1.2 Definitions of Systems Engineering

2.3.2 Development of Systems Engineering

2.3.2.1 Introduction of Major Content of Systems Engineering Handbook Version 3.1 of INCOSE

2.3.2.2 Systems Engineering to Be a General Design Engineering

2.3.2.3 Explore the Concept of General Design Engineering from “Hard” Systems Theory to “Soft” Systems Theory

2.3.3 Systems Engineering and Concepts Related to General Systems Theory in Ancient China

2.3.3.1 Systems Engineering in China

2.3.3.2 Exploration of General Systems Theory in Ancient China

2.4 Summary Points

References

3 Social Science and the Social System

3.1 Definition of Social Science and Its Development

3.1.1 Definition of Social Science and Its Scope of Study

3.1.1.1 Definition and Scope of Social Science

3.1.1.2 Debate on the Term of Social Science Between Sociologists

3.1.2 Development of Social Studies and Social Science Before the 20th Century

3.1.2.1 Development of Social Studies in China

3.1.2.2 Development of Social Studies in Western Countries

3.2 Development of Social Science in 20th Century and Emergence of the Concept of a Social System

3.2.1 Development of Social Science in 20th Century

3.2.2 Development of Social Science Since the 20th Century

3.2.2.1 Three Major Thoughts Effect the Development of Social Science in the 20th Century

3.2.2.2 Development of New Theory and Method

3.3 Behavior of Individual and Groups, and Their Relations with the Social Environment

3.3.1 Personality of Individual and the Human Behavior

3.3.1.1 Necessity to Study Personality

3.3.1.2 Definition of Personality and Theories of its Development

3.3.1.3 Two Schools of Thoughts of Personality and Their Core Concepts

3.3.1.4 Group Dynamics

3.3.2 Human Behavior and Social Environment

3.3.2.1 Limits of One Dimensional or Single View Approach

3.3.2.2 A Multidimensional Perspective of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

3.4 Social System and Parsons’ AGIL Framework of System of Action

3.4.1 Discussion of Definition of Social Systems and Theory of Its Development of Social Systems Theory

3.4.1.1 Definition of Social System

3.4.1.2 Development of Social Systems Theory and Brief Introduction of Two Publications on “Social System”

3.4.1.3 Discussions

3.4.2 Parsons Framework of a System of Action—The AGIL Framework

3.4.2.1 Original Framework of Parsons

3.4.2.2 Revised AGIL Framework of Parsons’ A System of Action

3.5 Summary Points

References

4 Development of Social Systems Engineering

4.1 Development of “Social Systems Engineering” in International Society

4.1.1 Academic Development of Social Systems Engineering in the United States and Japan

4.1.1.1 Development of Social Systems Engineering in the United States

4.1.1.2 Development of Academic Education in Japan on Social System Engineering

4.1.2 Discussion of Development of Theory and Practice of Social Systems Engineering

4.1.2.1 Comparison of Academic Studies Between the United States and Japan

4.1.2.2 Development of a National Planning System is Effected by Politics in Western Countries

4.1.3 Current Status of Development of Social Systems Engineering

4.1.3.1 Social Systems Engineering Is in the Process of Development, but There Are Barriers that Exist at the Country Level

4.1.3.2 Planning in the UN and Its Related Organizations Have Provided Conditions of Development of Social Systems Engineering

4.2 Planning and Design of Social Systems Engineering

4.2.1 General Discussion of Planning and Design of Social Systems Engineering

4.2.1.1 Planning

4.2.1.2 Design

4.2.1.3 The Difference Between Planning and Design

4.2.2 Design in a Changing World

4.2.2.1 Definitions of Design

4.2.2.2 Evolution of Design

4.3 Nation as Large Scale Social Systems Engineering—Three Case Studies

4.3.1 Case Study 1 of Nations as Large Scale Systems Studied by Harold Chestnut

4.3.1.1 General

4.3.1.2 Features and Outline of the Paper

4.3.1.3 Abstracts of Part 1 of the Paper

4.3.1.4 Abstract of Part 2 of the Paper

4.3.2 Case Study 2 of China Towards the Year 2000

4.3.2.1 General

4.3.2.2 An Overall Introduction to the Study “China Towards the Year 2000”

4.3.2.3 Foreign Trade of China and International Comparison of Similar Projects

4.3.2.4 Overall Quantitative Analysis of China’s Economy Towards 2000

4.3.2.5 Features of This Case Study

4.3.2.6 Conclusions from Theoretical Side

4.3.3 Case Study 3 Integrated Economic Development Policies and Planning

4.3.3.1 General

4.3.3.2 Research Content and Reports

4.3.3.3 Appraisal of the Project from Experts Abroad

4.3.3.4 Lessons and Experiences

4.4 Summary Points

References

Outline of Social Systems Engineering (SSE)

5 Methodology and Principle of Planning of Social Systems Engineering

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Definition of Methodology and Meaning of Its Study

5.2.1 Definition of Methodology

5.2.2 Meaning of Study of Methodology

5.2.3 Exploration and Comments of Hall’s “Three Dimensional Morphology of Systems Engineering”

5.2.3.1 A. D. Hall of Bell Labs

5.2.3.2 Dimensions of Systems Engineering

5.2.3.3 Comments

5.2.4 Modified Hall’s Three Dimensional Morphology of Social Systems Engineering

5.2.4.1 Morphology of Social Systems Engineering and its Activity Matrix

5.2.4.2 Morphology Box for Social Systems Engineering

5.2.5 Methodology Provided by John N. Warfield

5.2.5.1 John N. Warfield

5.2.5.2 Societal Systems: Planning, Policy and Complexity

5.2.5.3 Several selected Points of this Book

5.3 Further Exploration of TOTOS—Case Study: Expo 2000 OECD Forum for the Future

5.3.1 Mankind Has a Recorded History of More Than Several Millennia, with Many Complex Problems Faced by Policy and Decision Makers

5.3.2 Case Study: Expo 2000 OECD Forum for Future

5.3.2.1 Expo 2000 in Hannover and OECD Forum for Future

5.3.2.2 Detail Process of Study of the First Theme-Technology

5.3.2.3 Successive Conferences of EXPO 2000 OECD Forum for the Future and Outputs

5.3.2.4 What Lessons and Experiences can be Learnt from this Case Study

5.4 Systems Engineering Logic

5.4.1 General

5.4.2 Induction and Deduction

5.4.2.1 Induction

5.4.2.2 Induction and Classification

5.4.2.3 Classification

5.4.3 Deduction and Analogy

5.4.3.1 Deduction

5.4.3.2 Principle of Analogy to Be Applied in Transport System of Goods in Analogy with Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law

5.4.3.3 Principle of Analogy to be Applied in Explanation of Reform of Economic System

5.4.4 Synthesis and Analysis

5.4.4.1 Discussion of Relationship Between Synthesis and Analysis

5.4.4.2 Some Discussions of Synthesis

5.4.4.3 Analysis

5.4.4.4 Several Principles Related to Analysis and Synthesis

5.4.5 Cause and Outcome

5.4.6 Other Engineering Logic

5.4.6.1 Occasionality and Inevitability

5.4.6.2 Qualitative Analysis Through Comparison

5.5 Principle of Planning Based upon Social Systems Engineering

5.5.1 General

5.5.2 Three Basic Frameworks of National Planning

5.5.2.1 Basic Framework of National Planning

5.5.2.2 An Integrated Framework of Systems of National Planning (Framework II)

5.5.2.3 Third Integrated Framework of Systems of National Planning (III)

5.5.3 Three Systems Models

5.5.3.1 General

5.5.3.2 Information related to T-21 World Model and National Model

5.6 Summary Points

References

6 Indicators, Models and Mathematical Modeling

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Indicators

6.2.1 Definition of Indicator and Its Formulation

6.2.1.1 Definitions of Indicator

6.2.1.2 Formulation of Indicators

6.2.2 Case Study Preparation of Indicators of Sustainable Development by United Nations

6.2.2.1 Background of This Case

6.2.2.2 Programme of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) of UN

6.2.2.3 Framework Based on Pressure, State and Response

6.2.2.4 Revised Framework Based on Themes, and Subthemes

6.2.2.5 Later Work

6.2.2.6 World Development Indicators 2016

6.2.3 The National Competiveness Indicators-Developed by the Business School IMD

6.2.3.1 Introduction

6.2.3.2 The Design Framework of National Competitiveness

6.2.3.3 The Organization of the Indicator

6.2.3.4 Activities Done by Other Institutions with Similar Nature

6.3 Models

6.3.1 General Discussion of Model

6.3.1.1 Basic Nature of the Model

6.3.1.2 Classification of Models

6.3.2 Difficulties of Modeling Social Systems Engineering

6.4 Mathematic Modeling

6.4.1 Application of Mathematics in Social Science

6.4.1.1 Mathematics and Social Science

6.4.1.2 Development and Application of Mathematical Model in the Economic Field of Western Countries

6.4.1.3 Promotion of Development of Mathematical Model by International Organizations

6.4.2 Development of Mathematical Modeling of Social Since in China

6.4.2.1 General

6.4.2.2 Development of Research Institutions

6.5 Several Decades of Experience of Policy Modeling of DRC

6.5.1 Retrospect and Experience of Development of Policy Model

6.5.1.1 Introduction

6.5.1.2 A Retrospect of Policy Modeling of DRC

6.5.1.3 Recent Achievement

6.5.1.4 A Summary of Features of Policy Modelling of DRC in the Past Several Decades

6.5.2 Lessons and Experiences

6.6 Case Study of China’s Computable General Equilibrium Model-DRCCGE Model

6.6.1 The Component of the DRCCGE Model

6.6.1.1 Production and Factor Market

6.6.1.2 Foreign Trade

6.6.1.3 Income Distribution and Demand

6.6.1.4 Macro Closure

6.6.1.5 Recursive and Dynamic

6.6.1.6 Data

6.6.2 The Application of the DRCCGE Model

6.6.3 Scenario Design of Long Term Prospect of Chinese Economy

6.6.3.1 Baseline Scenario (Scenario 1)

6.6.3.2 Scenario of Faster Rise of Quality of Economic Development (Scenario 2)

6.6.3.3 Scenario of Slower Progress of Upgrading the Quality of Economic Development (Scenario 3)

6.6.4 Analysis of Trend of China’s Economic Growth Under Various Scenarios

6.6.4.1 Baseline Scenarios (Scenario 1)

6.6.4.2 Scenario 2

6.6.4.3 Scenario 3

6.6.5 Conclusion of this Case Study

6.7 Summary Points

References

7 Planning System—The Major Aspect of Application of Social Systems Engineering

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Definition of Planning and Its Role

7.1.2 Types of Planning

7.1.3 Classification of Planning in Economics

7.1.3.1 Planning in Business

7.1.3.2 Mandatory Planning (Centrally Planned Economy)

7.1.3.3 Indicative Planning

7.2 Evolution of Development of Modern National Planning System

7.2.1 Three Stages of Development of Evolution of Modern National Planning System

7.2.1.1 Period of Beginning of National Planning

7.2.1.2 Age of Popularization of National Planning: 4th Decade–5th Decade of 20th Century

7.2.1.3 Post 1960s up to Present: Decline of Preparation of Medium Term National Planning and Emergence of Long Term Strategic Planning and Scenario Planning

7.2.2 Development of Planning Theory

7.2.2.1 Development of Planning Theory Itself

7.2.2.2 Development of Mathematical Economics

7.2.2.3 Emergence of Future Studies and Scenario Planning

7.2.2.4 National Plans and Business Plans

7.3 Case Study of Medium-Term National Plans

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Cases Study of French Mid-Term Planning

7.3.2.1 Principles for Preparing Indicative Plans of France

7.3.2.2 Extensive Social Participation in Preparation of Plan

7.3.2.3 Function of Plans

7.3.2.4 Two Characteristics of Indicative Plans of France

7.3.2.5 Organizations of French Planning Agency and Determination of Growth Rate of Economy of Planning

7.3.2.6 Brief Introduction of Eight Medium-Term Plans of France

7.3.2.7 French Ninth Plan (1984–1988)

7.3.2.8 Develop Quantized Macroeconomic Management Tools

7.3.3 Case Study of Indian Mid-Term Planning

7.3.3.1 Overview

7.3.3.2 Briefing of Major Features of Indian Sixth Five Year Plan (1980–1985)

7.3.3.3 Briefing of Indian Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017)

7.4 Strategic Planning and Scenarios Method

7.4.1 Introduction

7.4.2 Case Study of Europe 2020: A New Economic Strategy

7.4.2.1 Introduction

7.4.2.2 Executive Summary of Europe 2020: A New Economic Strategy

7.4.2.3 A Moment of Transformation

7.4.2.4 Three Scenarios for Europe by 2020

7.4.2.5 Europe Can Succeed

7.4.3 Case Study of Scenarios Method-Mapping the Global Future Project of National Intelligence Council of U.S.A.

7.4.3.1 Introduction

7.4.3.2 Briefing of Global Trend 2015

7.4.3.3 Global Scenarios Studied by Global Trends Report 2015–2030

7.4.3.4 Retrospect of Past Reports of Global Trends Works and the Three Scenarios in Global Trends Paradox of Progress Launched on Jan. 2017

7.4.3.5 Appendix

7.5 Spatial Development Planning

7.5.1 Introduction

7.5.2 Case Study 1 of Japanese Experience of Spatial Planning

7.5.2.1 Japan is a Latecomer Among the Developed Countries

7.5.2.2 Experience of Japanese Spatial Development Planning

7.5.2.3 Contents of Sixth Spatial Development Planning of Japan

7.5.3 Case Study 2 of European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP)

7.5.3.1 Introduction

7.5.3.2 Agreement by Ministers and Fundamental Goals of Policy

7.5.3.3 Selected Aspects of Part A

7.5.3.4 Contents of Part B

7.6 Summary Points

References

8 Boundary, Environment and Social Change of a Social System

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Environment and System

8.2.1 General

8.2.1.1 Two Types of Systems

8.2.1.2 The Boundary

8.2.1.3 Business Planning and Environment

8.2.2 Case Study of Interaction Between Enterprise System and Its Environment-Growth of Yantian International Container Terminals (YICT) in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of China

8.2.2.1 Background of This Case

8.2.2.2 Purpose of This Case Study

8.2.2.3 Comment by Author of This Book

8.3 Social Structure, Function and Social Change of Social System

8.3.1 Social Structure and Function of Social System

8.3.1.1 Clarification of Basic Theory Adopted

8.3.1.2 Social System Analysis

8.3.2 Social Change

8.3.2.1 Basic Concept of Social Change and Its Types

8.3.2.2 Meaning of Study of Social Changes

8.3.2.3 Factors Effect Social Changes

8.4 Cultural System and Social Changes

8.4.1 Introduction

8.4.2 More Definitions on Culture

8.4.2.1 Definition of Culture Given by Robert Bocock (1992)

8.4.2.2 Definition of Culture Commonly Used by Sociologists, and Supplemented by Authors of This Book

8.4.2.3 Definition and Interpretation of Culture Given by Anthropologists

8.4.3 Formation and Change of Culture

8.4.3.1 Formation and Change of Culture

8.4.3.2 Diversity of Culture

8.4.4 Western Culture and Exploration of Cultural Theories Since the Scientific Revolution

8.4.4.1 Western Culture

8.4.4.2 Cultural System Theory

8.4.4.3 Human Ecological System

8.4.5 The Chinese Culture and Re-emergence of Asian Culture

8.4.5.1 Researches of East Asian Region

8.4.5.2 The Confucianism and Its Impact to Chinese Culture

8.4.5.3 The Analects

8.4.5.4 Other Aspects of Chinese Culture

8.5 Globalization and Regionalization—A Mega Trend of Social Change

8.5.1 Globalization—A Mega Trend of Social Change

8.5.2 Four Aspects of Globalization

8.5.2.1 Globalization of the Biosphere

8.5.2.2 Globalization of Scientific Sphere

8.5.2.3 Globalization of the Econosphere

8.5.2.4 Globalization of the Sociosphere

8.5.3 A Retrospect of Global Industrialization and Trade from a Historical and Cross National/Regional Perspective

8.5.3.1 The Three Periods of Global Industrialization

8.5.3.2 Two Major Actors of Global Industrialization

8.5.3.3 Lessons from History

8.5.4 Regional Development Within the Context of Globalization

8.5.4.1 Typology of Regions

8.5.4.2 Trends of Regionalization

8.5.4.3 Regionalization—Other Megatrend

8.6 Summary Points

References

9 Regulation of Social System

9.1 Introduction

9.2 General Discussion of Public Administration

9.2.1 Public Administration as a Discipline

9.2.1.1 Suggested Definition for Public Administration

9.2.1.2 Scope of Study of Public Administration

9.2.1.3 The Definition of Public Administration by Professor David H. Rosenbloom

9.2.1.4 The Definition of Public Administration from the Dictionary of Sociology

9.2.2 Trend of Change of Public Administration

9.2.2.1 Branch Theories of Public Administration

9.2.2.2 Emergence of New Public Administration

9.2.3 Response to Changes

9.2.3.1 A Changing World and Disputes Among Scholars

9.2.3.2 Different Responses to Changes

9.3 The Legal System—An Essential Means of Regulation of Social Systems

9.3.1 General Discussion

9.3.2 Legal Environment of Business, a Contribution by Professor Butler, H. N. in 1987

9.3.2.1 Contents of the Book

9.3.2.2 Unique Feature of This Book

9.3.3 China’s Legal System

9.3.3.1 China’s Legal System Before the 20th Century

9.3.3.2 Development of China’s Legal System Since The 20th Century

9.4 Public Policy

9.4.1 Clarification of Terminology

9.4.1.1 Policy

9.4.1.2 Public Policy

9.4.1.3 Public Policymaking

9.4.2 History and Schools of Public Policy and Policy Sciences Studies

9.4.2.1 History of Public Policy and Policy Sciences Studies

9.4.2.2 Schools of Public Policy Studies

9.5 A Social System Approach of Public Policymaking Process

9.5.1 Elements Involved in Social Systems Approach of Public Policymaking Process

9.5.2 Guideline of Policy Making (B2)

9.5.2.1 Setting up Appropriate Overall Goal System

9.5.2.2 Clarify Policy Boundaries

9.5.2.3 Setting up of Time Frame

9.5.2.4 Estimate Fully the Secondary and Tertiary Impact of Policy

9.5.2.5 Estimation and Determining Risk and Its Acceptability

9.5.2.6 Comprehensiveness Versus Narrowness

9.5.2.7 Balance Oriented Versus Shock Oriented

9.5.2.8 Relevant Assumptions on the Future

9.5.2.9 Theoretical Bases

9.5.2.10 Resources Availability

9.5.2.11 The Range of Policy Instruments

9.5.2.12 Balance Between Goals of Long Term and Short Term

9.5.3 Context of Environment of Public Policymaking

9.5.3.1 Social Environment

9.5.3.2 Economic Environment

9.5.3.3 Science and Technology (S&T) Environment

9.5.4 Types of Public Policy

9.5.4.1 Social Policy

9.5.4.2 Economic Policy

9.5.4.3 Science and Technology Policy

9.5.4.4 Environmental Policy

9.5.4.5 Policy Process-Theories

9.6 Case Study 1 of Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process to Policy System

9.6.1 Background Information of This Case Study

9.6.2 Brief Introduction to Analytic Hierarchy Process

9.6.3 Relative Weight Analysis Regarding Policies for Optimized Development Regions

9.6.3.1 Decompose Internal Elements into Levels (Hierarchies)

9.6.3.2 Calculate the Weighting Factors of Elements on the Same Level

9.6.3.3 Calculate the Weighting Factors of Elements on Different Levels

9.7 Case Study 2 of Industrial Policy of China

9.7.1 Introduction

9.7.2 Some General Discussion of Industrial Policy

9.7.2.1 Some General Discussion of Industrial Policy

9.7.2.2 Types of Industrial Policy

9.7.2.3 Trend of Study of International Organizations

9.7.3 China’s Industrial Policy 1953–2013

9.7.3.1 General

9.7.3.2 China’s Industrial Policy in the Pre-reform Era

9.7.3.3 IP of China Since Launch of Reform and Opening in Late 1970s to 2013

9.7.4 China’s New Situation and New Industrial Policy Within the Context of Globalization and Regionalization

9.7.4.1 New Situation of the Global and Regional Economy

9.7.4.2 The New Situation of China

9.7.4.3 Analysis of Competitiveness of Performance of China’s Export

9.7.5 Concluding Remarks

9.8 Summary Points

References

10 The Development of Think Tanks

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Definition, Function and Classification of Think Tanks

10.2.1 Definition and Function of Think Tanks

10.2.2 Classification of Think Tank

10.2.3 Development of Think Tank Research

10.2.3.1 Importance of Think Tank Research

10.2.3.2 Current State of International Think Tank Research

10.2.3.3 Think Tank Research in China

10.3 Development and Construction of Think Tanks

10.3.1 Development of Global Think Tanks

10.3.1.1 Overview of Global Think Tank Development

10.3.1.2 Status of Think Tank Development in Different Regions (2010)

10.3.1.3 Global Think Tanks Ranking Report of Pennsylvania State University

10.3.2 Trend and Challenges Facing Global Think Tank Development

10.3.2.1 Trends of Global Think Tank Development

10.3.2.2 American Experience in Think Tank Development

10.3.2.3 Challenges Faced by Think Tank Development

10.4 Case Study of International Think Tank

10.4.1 Case Study of Significance of International Think Tank

10.4.2 Case Study of Brookings Institution

10.4.2.1 A Brief History of the Brookings Institution

10.4.2.2 Top-level Organization and Funding Source of the Institution

10.4.2.3 Research Organization of the Institution

10.4.2.4 Determination of Research Subjects

10.4.2.5 Public Policy Education

10.4.2.6 Publications and Publishing

10.4.3 Case Study of RAND Corporation

10.4.3.1 A Brief History of the RAND Corporation

10.4.3.2 Top-level Organization and Funding Source of RAND Corporation

10.4.3.3 Organization Structure of RAND Corporation

10.4.3.4 Examples of Research Topics in 2010

10.4.3.5 Composition of Rand Experts

10.4.3.6 Unique Strengths of Rand and Its Public Policy Analysis

10.4.3.7 Report Summary of Long-Term Economic and Military Trends 1950–2010

10.4.4 Case Study of International Development Center of Japan

10.4.4.1 Development of Japanese Think Tanks

10.4.4.2 The Case of International Development Center of Japan

10.5 Development of International Think Tanks

10.5.1 Overview

10.5.2 Case Study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

10.5.2.1 Profile

10.5.2.2 Major Tasks

10.5.2.3 Organization and Fund Source

10.5.2.4 Work Content Examples

10.5.2.5 Major Activities at Present

10.5.3 Case Study of the World Bank and Its Activity in China

10.5.3.1 Overview

10.5.3.2 Major Activities of the World Bank in China and Its Publications

10.5.3.3 Research Methods of the World Bank and Quality Assurance of finished Reports

10.5.3.4 Seminars and Training Courses

10.5.3.5 Other World Bank Publications and Researches

10.5.4 International Center for Economic Growth (ICEG)

10.5.4.1 Profile and Characteristics

10.5.4.2 Nature of ICEG

10.5.4.3 Network of Member Communication Organizations

10.5.4.4 Special Activities of ICEG

10.5.4.5 Publications

10.5.4.6 Academic Advisory Committee

10.5.5 African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)

10.5.5.1 Overview

10.5.5.2 Top-level Organization and Funds

10.5.5.3 Activities

10.6 Development of China’s Think Tanks and the Development Research Center of the State Council

10.6.1 Development of China’s Think Tanks

10.6.2 Case of Development Research Center of the State Council

10.6.2.1 History of Development Research Center (DRC)

10.6.2.2 Successful Experience of DRC and the Former Technical Economic Research Center

10.7 Summary Points

References

Application of Social Systems Engineering

11 Planning System of China (1953–1980) To Be Case Study

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The First Five-Year Plan

11.2.1 Process and Guideline of the First Five-Year Plan Preparation

11.2.2 Frist Five-Year Plan for Developing the National Economy of the PRC in 1953–1957

11.2.2.1 The Plan Content and Structure

11.2.2.2 156 core projects

11.2.2.3 Implementation of the First-Five-Year Plan

11.2.2.4 Balancing Act in Development Planning

11.3 Outline of Science and Technology Long Term Planning 1956–1967 (Revised Draft)

11.3.1 Background

11.3.2 Contents of the Twelve-Year S&T Plan

11.3.3 Impact

11.4 Planning in the Period Between 1957–1980

11.4.1 Period Covered

11.4.2 The Second Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward and the Adjustment Period

11.4.3 The Third and Fourth Five-Year Planning Periods (1966–1975)

11.4.3.1 Establishing the Third Line Construction and Its Target

11.4.3.2 Physical Infrastructure Investment and Development

11.4.3.3 Summary of Public Policies Implemented in this Period

11.4.4 The Fifth Five-Year Planning Period (1976–1980)

11.4.4.1 The Fifth Five-Year Plan

11.4.4.2 Physical Infrastructure Investment and Development

11.4.4.3 Imports of Complete Sets of Equipment

11.5 Analysis of China’s Planning Performance (1953–1980) from the Perspective of Social Systems Engineering

11.5.1 Characteristics of China’s Economic System in the 1953–1980 Period

11.5.1.1 Centrally Planned Economy

11.5.1.2 Semi-closed Economy

11.5.2 Analysis of China’s Socio-Economic Development Using Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework

11.5.2.1 The Economic Subsystem Performance

11.5.2.2 The science and Technology Subsystem Performance

11.5.2.3 The Social Subsystem Performance

11.5.2.4 Overall Analysis of China’s Planning Performance Using Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework

11.6 International Perspective on China’s Socialist Economic Development in the 1953–1980 Period

11.6.1 Study by the World Bank (1981)

11.6.1.1 Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China by Kraus (1982)

11.7 Summary Points

References

12 Planning System of China (1981–2016) To Be Case Study

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Evolution of Concepts, Process and Measures of China’s Planning System Since 1981

12.2.1 China Gradually Transformed Her Nature of Planning

12.2.1.1 The Name Was Changed

12.2.1.2 The Statistical System Was Changed

12.2.2 The Planning Process Was Normalized Gradually

12.2.3 The Planning Process Opened Gradually with Wider Participation of Institutions and Experts from Domestic and Abroad

12.2.4 Improvement of Policy Measures in Planning Documents

12.2.5 Greater Integration of Policies in the Planning Documents

12.3 Briefing of China’s Five-Year Plans from the Sixth to the Tenth

12.3.1 Briefing of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China

12.3.1.1 Contents of the Sixth Five-Year Plan

12.3.1.2 Features

12.3.2 Briefing of the Seventh Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China 1986–1990

12.3.2.1 Contents of China’s Seventh Five Year Plan

12.3.2.2 Selected Aspects of Preface

12.3.2.3 Briefing of Part I and Part II of China’s Seventh Five-Year Plan

12.3.2.4 Briefing of Part III: Regional Deployment and Regional Economic Development Policy

12.3.2.5 Briefing of Part IV and Part V

12.3.2.6 Briefing of Part VI and Part VII

12.3.2.7 Briefing of Part VIII and Part IX

12.3.3 Briefing of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five Year Plan

12.3.3.1 Introduction

12.3.3.2 Briefing of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan

12.3.3.3 Comparison of Structure of Part of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five-Year Plan

12.3.3.4 S&T Planning in the Period of “Eighth-Five” and “Ninth-Five” Plan

12.3.3.5 Several Features of China’s Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plan

12.3.4 Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (Abbreviated as China’s Tenth Five-Year Plan)

12.4 Briefing of China’s Planning System from the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to Thirteen Five-Year Plan

12.4.1 Briefing of China’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan and Its Mid-Term Evolution

12.4.1.1 Briefing of China’s Eleventh Five Year Plan

12.4.1.2 Briefing of Mid-Term Evaluation of China’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Abbreviated As Mid-Term Evaluation Report)

12.4.2 Outline of China’s National Economic and Social Development Twelfth Five-Year Plan and Analysis of Its Performance (Abbreviated as China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan)

12.4.2.1 Briefing of China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan

12.4.2.2 Analysis of Implementation of China’s Twelfth Five Year Plan

12.4.3 Period of Implementation of Outline of China’s National Economic and Social Development Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (Abbreviated as China’s Thirteenth Five-Year Plan)

12.4.3.1 Structure of Content of the “Suggestions”

12.4.3.2 Made in China 2025

12.4.3.3 Contents of Outline of National Territorial Plan (2016–2030)

12.5 Analysis of China’s Planning Performance (1981–2015) from Perspective of Social Systems Engineering

12.5.1 Features of China’s Socio-Economic System in the Period from 1981–2015

12.5.2 Analysis of Performance of China’s Economic System Based upon Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework

12.5.2.1 Economic Growth

12.5.2.2 Growth of S&T Capacity in This Period

12.5.2.3 Social Development

12.6 Summary Points

References

Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects