Search and Find
Service
Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
of: Bart L. Weathington, Christopher J. L. Cunningham, David J. Pittenger
Wiley, 2017
ISBN: 9781119470090 , 672 Pages
Format: PDF
Copy protection: DRM
Cover????????????????????????
1
Title Page??????????????????????????????????
5
Copyright????????????????????????????????
6
Contents??????????????????????????????
9
Preface????????????????????????????
17
Acknowledgments????????????????????????????????????????????
21
Part I: Overview of the Research Process
23
Chapter 1: Research and the Social Sciences????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
25
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
25
Why Is Understanding Research Methods So Important?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
28
The Role of Science in Everyday Life??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
28
The Scientic Method
30
Brief History of the Science of Behavior??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
30
Bacon’s Legacy??????????????????????????????????????????
35
Other Important Historical Figures??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
35
Assumptions of Science??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
38
Requirements for Scientic Research
39
Research in Action: The Case of Facilitated Communication????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
45
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
48
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
51
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
52
Chapter 2: Ethics and Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
54
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
54
What Is Ethics?????????????????????????????????????????????
56
Approaches to Ethical Analysis??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
58
Making Ethical Decisions??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
63
The Ethical Code of the American Psychological Association??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
64
Seeking Approval for Research: The Institutional Review Board????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
66
Milgram’s Experiment Revisited??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
74
Research with Animals????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
78
Research in Action: Ethical Dilemmas??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
80
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
84
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
86
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
86
Chapter 3: The Foundations of Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
88
Introduction
88
The Hypothesis in Research
89
Types of Hypotheses
94
Measurement
100
Reliability of Measurement
106
Validity of Measurement
109
Populations and Samples
112
Research in Action: Measuring Sexism
116
Chapter Summary
118
Chapter Glossary for Review
119
Chapter References
122
Chapter 4: An Overview of Empirical Methods????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
123
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
123
Internal, Statistical Conclusion, and External Validity????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
124
Survey of Empirical Methods
135
Intact Groups Designs and Quasi-Experimental Studies
139
Surveys????????????????????????????
142
Correlational Studies????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
143
Single-Participant Research Methods????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
144
Meta-Analysis????????????????????????????????????????
146
Computers and Statistics??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
148
Research in Action: Effectiveness of Psychotherapy??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
150
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
155
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
157
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
159
Part II: Nuts and Bolts of Research????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
161
Chapter 5: Writing the Research Report??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
163
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
163
What Do Readers Appreciate in Good Writing?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
165
Elements of APA Style????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
165
Special Grammatical Issues??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
169
Academic Integrity??????????????????????????????????????????????????
174
Parts of the Research Report??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
178
Proofreading??????????????????????????????????????
195
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
196
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
196
Chapter 6: Reviewing the Literature and Forming Hypotheses??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
197
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
197
Bibliographic Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
197
The Internet??????????????????????????????????????
201
Developing a Search Strategy??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
203
Searching the Literature: The Library????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
204
Research in Action: Does Listening to Mozart Make You Smarter???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
208
Statistical Inference and Testing Hypotheses??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
212
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
215
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
216
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
216
Chapter 7: Sampling: The First Steps in Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
218
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
218
The Nature of Samples????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
219
Probability Sampling??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
221
Sampling Methods??????????????????????????????????????????????
223
Nonprobability Sampling????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
227
Central Limit Theorem????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
229
Applications of the Central Limit Theorem????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
233
Sources of Bias and Error: A Reprise??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
239
Research in Action: Trends in HIV-Related Risk Behaviors??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
242
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
246
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
247
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
249
Chapter 8: Creating and Using Assessments, Surveys, and Objective Measures??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
250
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
250
Purpose of Measurement??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
250
Caveat Assessor????????????????????????????????????????????
251
Creating a Measurement Scale and Developing a Data Collection Strategy??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
253
Interviews, Questionnaires, and Attitude Surveys??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
254
Question Response Formats????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
258
Writing Good Questionnaire and Survey Items????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
263
Determining the Sample Size for a Survey??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
268
Naturalistic Observation??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
271
Research in Action: Analysis of Assaults??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
277
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
282
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
283
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
284
Chapter 9: A Model for Research Design??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
287
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
287
A Model for Research Design????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
288
What Is the Independent Variable?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
294
What Is the Dependent Variable?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
296
Are There Any Confounding Variables???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
299
What Are the Research Hypotheses?
301
Mathematical Hypotheses
302
Evaluating Hypotheses????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
304
Evaluating Hypotheses: Practical Matters??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
306
Research in Action: Sex Differences and Memory for Emotional Events????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
311
Research in Action: Changing Attitudes by Writing Essays??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
312
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
313
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
315
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
317
Part III: Common Research Designs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
319
Chapter 10: Correlational Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
321
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
321
Conceptual Review of Correlation??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
322
Pearson’s r????????????????????????????????????
324
Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient
324
Factors That Corrupt a Correlation Coefficient
326
Sample Size and the Correlation Coefficient
330
Applications of the Correlation Coefficient
332
Regression Analysis????????????????????????????????????????????????????
337
Introduction to Mediation and Moderation??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
339
Regression to the Mean??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
340
Research in Action: Searching Short-Term Memory????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
343
Statistics behind the Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
345
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
353
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
355
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
356
Chapter 11: Between-Subjects Designs??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
357
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
357
Student’s t-Ratio for Independent Groups??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
358
Review of Hypothesis Testing??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
360
Testing Statistical Hypotheses??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
362
Common Errors in the Interpretation of p??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
370
The Power of a Test????????????????????????????????????????????????????
372
Estimating Sample Size??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
377
Research in Action: Word Meaning and Memory????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
379
Statistics behind the Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
381
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
390
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
391
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
391
Chapter 12: Single-Variable Between-Subjects Research????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
393
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
393
Independent Variable
394
Cause and Effect
396
Gaining Control over the Variables??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
397
The General Linear Model??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
401
Components of Variance??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
404
The F-Ratio????????????????????????????????????
406
H0 and H1????????????????????????????????
409
F-Ratio Sampling Distribution????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
410
Summarizing and Interpreting ANOVA Results??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
411
Effect Size and Power????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
413
Multiple Comparisons of the Means????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
414
Research in Action: Detecting Lies??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
418
Statistics behind the Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
420
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
425
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
426
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
428
Chapter 13: Between-Subjects Factorial Designs??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
429
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
429
The Logic of the Two-Variable Design??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
430
Advantages of the Two-Variable Design????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
431
Factorial Designs: Variables, Levels, and Cells????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
435
Examples of Factorial Designs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
436
Main Effects and Interaction??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
440
Designing a Factorial Study????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
448
Identifying Samples and Estimating Sample Size??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
451
Interpreting the Interaction: Advanced Considerations
453
Research in Action: Reinforcing Creativity??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
454
Statistics behind the Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
456
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
463
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
463
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
464
Chapter 14: Correlated-Groups Designs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
465
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
465
Logic of the Correlated-Groups Research Design??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
466
Repeated-Measures Design??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
467
Matched-Groups Design????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
477
Mixed-Model Design??????????????????????????????????????????????????
482
Research in Action: Memory for Related Words??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
483
Statistics behind the Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
485
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
487
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
490
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
491
Part IV: Special Research Designs????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
493
Chapter 15: Single-Participant Experiments, Longitudinal Studies, and Quasi-Experimental Designs??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
495
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
495
Single-Participant Experiments??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
497
Research in Action: Treatment for Panic Disorder??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
506
Longitudinal Designs??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
509
Research in Action: Onset of Bulimia??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
513
Quasi-Experiments????????????????????????????????????????????????
515
Research in Action: Traffic Laws and Safety
518
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
520
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
521
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
521
Chapter 16: Research with Categorical Data??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
524
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
524
Goodness-of-Fit Test??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
526
x2 Test of Independence????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
530
x2 Test of Homogeneity??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
533
Further Analysis of the x2??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
535
McNemar Test??????????????????????????????????????
538
Research in Action: Long-Term Effects of Childhood Abuse??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
541
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
544
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
545
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
545
Chapter 17: Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
547
Introduction??????????????????????????????????????
547
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
548
Theory and Perspectives Guiding Qualitative Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
549
Mixing Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Combined????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
550
Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Data Collection and Analysis??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
552
Benefits and Challenges of Mixed-Methods Research
559
Sources of Published Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
563
Research in Action: Gender- and Job-Based Differences in Work Stress??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
564
Chapter Summary????????????????????????????????????????????
567
Chapter Glossary for Review????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
567
Chapter References??????????????????????????????????????????????????
568
Appendix A: Statistics behind the Research or, “What Was I Supposed to Remember from My Statistics Class Anyway?”
570
Introduction
570
Variables X, Y, N, n
571
Subscripts (X1) and Superscripts (X2)
571
Measures of Central Tendency
573
Measures of Variability
576
Standardized or z-Score
581
Appendix B: Statistical Tables??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
588
Table B.1: Proportions of the Area Under the Normal Curve
588
Table B.2: 1,200 Two-Digit Random Numbers
593
Table B.3: Critical Values for Student’s t-Test
594
Table B.4: Power of Student’s Single-Sample t-Ratio
596
Table B.5.1: Power of Student’s Two-Sample t-Ratio, One-Tailed Tests
597
Table B.5.2: Power of Student’s Two-Sample t-Ratio, Two-Tailed Tests
599
Table B.6: Critical Values for Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
600
Table B.7: Critical Values for Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient
602
Table B.8: r to z Transformation
604
Table B.9: Power of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
605
Table B.10: Critical Values for the F-ratio
606
Table B.11: Critical Values for the Fmax Test
611
Table B.12: Critical Values for the Studentized Range Test
612
Table B.13: Power of ANOVA
616
Table B.14: Critical Values for Chi-Squared
621
Table B.15: Critical Values for Mann-Whitney U-Test
623
Appendix C: Answers to Knowledge Check Questions??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
628
Chapter 1
628
Chapter 2
630
Chapter 3
630
Chapter 4
632
Chapter 5
634
Chapter 6
634
Chapter 7
636
Chapter 8
638
Chapter 9
641
Chapter 10
644
Chapter 11
645
Chapter 12
647
Chapter 13
648
Chapter 14
650
Chapter 15
651
Chapter 16
652
Chapter 17
655
Appendix A
657
Author Index??????????????????????????????????????
659
Subject Index????????????????????????????????????????
663
EULA
670
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