Nanotechnology for Bioenergy and Biofuel Production

Preface

Contents

Contributors

Part I: Nanotechnological Applications in Bioenergy and Biofuel

Chapter 1: Bioenergy and Biofuels: Nanotechnological Solutions for Sustainable Production

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Global View of Bioenergy and Biofuel

1.3 Nanotechnological Solutions

1.3.1 Nanotechnology in Bioenergy Production

1.3.1.1 Nanotechnology in Biogas Production

1.3.2 Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production

1.3.2.1 Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production

1.3.2.2 Nanocatalysts in Bioethanol Production

1.4 Safety Issues

1.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Nanotechnology Applications on Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Using Nanotechnology to Transform Lignocellulosic Agricultural Residues

2.3 Nanotechnology Significance in Biofuel Production

2.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

2.4.1 Use of Nanoscale Instrumentation for Analysis of Lignocellulosic Fibers

2.4.2 Lignocellulose Pretreatment Using Nano-shear Hybrid Alkaline Technique

2.4.3 Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanoparticles for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion

2.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Use in Nanocellulose Production

2.6 Utilization of Residues of Bioethanol Process in Nanocellulose Production

2.7 Liquor Extraction as By-product of NCC (Nanocrystalline Cellulose)

2.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biofuel Cell

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

3.3 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biofuel Cell

3.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Multifunctional Nanoparticle Applications to Microalgal Biorefinery

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Nanoparticle-Aided Microalgae Harvesting

4.2.1 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

4.2.2 Aminoclay Nanoparticles

4.2.3 Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Integrated Use

4.2.4 Recyclable Nanoparticles

4.3 Nanoparticle-Aided Lipid Extraction

4.3.1 Aminoclay-Based Lipid Extraction

4.3.2 Potential Engineered Nanoparticles

4.4 Nanoparticle-Aided Conversion of Oil to Biodiesel

4.4.1 Acid Nanocatalyst

4.4.2 Base Nanocatalyst

4.4.3 Nanocatalysts for Greener Biodiesel

4.5 Conclusion

References

Part II: Nanotechnology in Biomass Conversion

Chapter 5: Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgal Biomass

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Gasification Principles

5.3 Analytical Approach

5.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis

5.4 Kinetic Modeling of Microalgal Biomass Gasification

5.5 Nanotechnology for Algal Biofuel Production

5.5.1 Nanomaterials for Biomass Gasification

5.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Hierarchy Nano- and Ultrastructure of Lignocellulose and Its Impact on the Bioconversion of Cellulose

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Chemical Compositions of Lignocellulose

6.2.1 Cellulose Chemistry and Structure

6.2.1.1 Chemical Features of Cellulose

6.2.1.2 Crystalline Structures of Cellulose

6.2.1.3 Effect of Crystalline and Nanostructure on Cellulose Susceptibility

6.2.2 Hemicelluloses Chemistry and Structures

6.2.3 Lignin Chemistry and Structures

6.3 Hierarchy Structure of Cell Wall and Its Impact on Bioconversion

6.3.1 Multilayered Architecture of Cell Wall

6.3.2 Ultrastructure, Nanoporosity, and Recalcitrance of Cell Wall

6.4 Pretreatment and Its Influence on the Ultrastructure of Cell Wall

6.4.1 Mechanical and Chemi-mechanical Pretreatment

6.4.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment

6.4.3 Chemical Pretreatment

6.4.3.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment

6.4.3.2 Alkaline Pretreatment

6.4.3.3 Organosolv Pretreatment

6.4.3.4 Oxidative Pretreatment

6.4.3.5 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment

6.5 Techniques to Characterize the Ultrastructure and Porosity of Cell Wall and Accessibility of Cellulose

6.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Role of Nanoparticles in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose in Ethanol

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Lignocellulosic Materials

7.3 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Materials

7.3.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods

7.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment Methods

7.3.3 Biological Pretreatment Methods

7.4 Multiple or Combinatorial Pretreatment Methods

7.5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production

7.5.1 Potential Nanoparticles for Bioethanol Production

7.5.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles

7.5.3 Carbon, Silica, Gold, and Other Nanoparticles

7.6 Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanoparticles for Bioethanol Production

7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Physicochemical Characterizations of Nanoparticles Used for Bioenergy and Biofuel Production

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Technique Selection Criteria for the Physicochemical Characterizations of NPs and NMs

8.3 Physicochemical Techniques Commonly Used to Characterize NPs and NMs

8.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy

8.3.2 Plasmon Band Identification Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

8.3.3 X-Ray-Based Characterizations

8.3.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction

8.3.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

8.3.4 Time of Flight of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

8.3.5 Elucidation of the Size and Surface Charge of Nanoparticles

8.3.6 Investigation of Nanoparticle Morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy

8.3.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy

8.3.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy

8.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Part III: Nano-characterization and Role of Catalysts

Chapter 9: From Biomass to Fuels: Nano-catalytic Processes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Processes for Biomass Conversion

9.2.1 Non-catalytic and Catalytic Processes

9.3 Nano-catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Fuels

9.3.1 Nano-catalytic Processes

9.3.2 Nano-catalyst Preparation Methods for BTF Processes

9.3.3 Nanotechnology Preference for BTF Processes

9.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Catalytic Conversion on Lignocellulose to Biodiesel Product

10.1 Introduction

10.2 General Methods for the Production of Biofuels

10.2.1 Thermochemical Process

10.2.1.1 Pyrolysis Process

10.2.1.2 Liquefaction Process

10.2.1.3 Gasification Process

10.2.2 Hydrolysis Process

10.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis Technology

10.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Approach for the Production of Biofuels

10.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst

10.3.1.2 Bimetallic Heterogeneous Catalysts

10.4 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biomass: Selective Transformation of Biofuels

10.4.1 Bioethanol

10.4.2 Biodiesel

10.4.3 Bioethers

10.5 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biomass: Current Research and Prospective

10.5.1 Jatropha Biofuels

10.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Biofuel Production

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Nanocatalysts for Green Diesel Production

11.3 Nanocatalysts for Biojet Fuel Production

11.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: An Overview of the Recent Advances in the Application of Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for Biofuel Production

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Biofuel Production Methods

12.2.1 Gasification

12.2.2 Pyrolysis

12.2.3 Liquefaction

12.2.4 Hydrolysis

12.3 Transesterification

12.4 Anaerobic Digestion

12.4.1 Influential Parameters on AD Process

12.4.1.1 Temperature

12.4.1.2 pH

12.4.1.3 C/N Ratio

12.4.1.4 Organic Loading Rate

12.4.1.5 Retention Time

12.5 Nanocatalysts in Biofuel Production

12.5.1 Application of Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production

12.5.2 Alkali Earth Metal Oxides

12.5.3 Transition Metal Oxides

12.5.4 Mixed Metal Oxides

12.5.5 Supported Metal Oxides

12.6 Applications of Nanocatalysts in Gasification/Pyrolysis Reactions from Biomass Feedstock

12.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Nanocatalysis for the Conversion of Nonedible Biomass to Biogasoline via Deoxygenation Reaction

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Nanocatalysts

13.2.1 Characteristics of Nanocatalyst

13.2.2 Performance of Nanocatalyst

13.2.3 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts

13.3 Deoxygenation of Nonedible Feedstock

13.3.1 Potential of Nonedible-Based Biomass

13.3.2 Deoxygenation Reaction

13.3.3 Reaction Mechanism of Deoxygenation Process

13.3.3.1 Deoxygenation Mechanism of Triglyceride-Based Feedstock

13.3.3.2 Deoxygenation Mechanism of Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstock

Sugar-Based Feedstock

Lignin-Based Model Compounds

13.4 Nanocatalysts for Deoxygenation Reaction

13.4.1 Precious and Non-precious Metal Catalyst

13.4.2 Mesoporous Catalyst for Deoxygenation Reaction of Triglyceride to Biofuel

13.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Impact of Nanoadditive Blended Biodiesel Fuels in Diesel Engines

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Blended Fuels

14.2.1 Improvisation Attributes of Fuels on Adding Potential Nanoadditives

14.2.2 Stability Attributes of Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Emulsions

14.2.3 Working Attributes of Diesel Engine Using Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Fuels and Emulsions

14.2.4 Hot-Plate Evaporation Attributes of Nanoadditive Mixed Biodiesel Emulsions

14.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Part IV: Risk Management

Chapter 15: Nanotechnologies and the Risk Management of Biofuel Production

15.1 Introduction

15.2 From the Biofuels to the Nanotechnologies: Courses of the Nanotechnological Revolution

15.3 Assessment and Management of the Risks Generated by the Usage of the Nanoscale materials in Biofuels

15.4 Conclusion

References

Index