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Insect Biotechnology
of: Andreas Vilcinskas
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9789048196418 , 268 Pages
Format: PDF, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
Foreword
5
Contents
8
Contributors
10
Part I Insect Biotechnology in Medicine
12
1 The Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella as an Alternative Model Host for Human Pathogens
13
1.1 Introduction
13
1.2 Advantages of the Galleria Model
15
1.2.1 The Greater Wax Moth G. mellonella as a Host for Human Pathogens
15
1.2.1.1 The Galleria Model System for Human Pathogenic Bacteria
15
1.2.1.2 Use of the Galleria Model System to Study Septic Infection by Listeria – A Case Study
17
1.2.1.3 Correlation of Mammalian Infection in Galleria
18
1.2.1.4 Cellular Responses in Galleria Following L. monocytogenes Infection
19
1.2.1.5 Systemic Induction of Anti-Microbial-Related Immune Genes in L. monocytogenes-Infested Galleria
19
1.3 Galleria as a Model System for Human Pathogenic Fungi
20
1.4 Conclusion
22
References
22
2 Fruit Flies as Models in Biomedical Research – A Drosophila Asthma Model
25
2.1 What Is Asthma?
26
2.2 Drosophila in Asthma Research
27
2.3 Infection and Ectopic Activation of the Immune System Induce Asthma-Like Phenotypes
30
2.4 What Has the Fly to Offer?
30
2.5 What Is the Greatest Potential of Drosophila in Asthma Research?
32
2.6 Potential Roles of Asthma Susceptibility Genes in Drosophila
33
References
35
3 Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Microbial Peptides from Insects
38
3.1 The Insect Immune System
39
3.2 Classification of Anti-Microbial Peptides
40
3.2.1 Non-ribosomally Synthesized Peptides
40
3.2.2 Bacteriocins
40
3.2.3 Anti-Microbial Peptides of Multi-Cellular Organisms
41
3.3 Mode of Action
42
3.4 Classes of Insect AMPs
44
3.4.1 a-Helical AMPs
44
3.4.2 Disulfide-Stabilized AMPs
46
3.4.3 Proline-Rich AMPs
49
3.4.4 Glycine-Rich Polypeptides
52
3.5 AMPs in Clinical Trials
56
3.5.1 Human AMPs
56
3.5.2 UBI 29-41 Derived from Human Ubiquicidin
58
3.5.3 rBPI21 Derived from Human Bactericidal/Permeability Increasing Protein (BPI)
59
3.5.4 P-113 Derived from Human Histatins
60
3.5.5 hLF1-11 Derived from Human Lactoferrin
61
3.5.6 Pexiganan Derived from Frog Magainins
62
3.5.7 Iseganan Derived from Porcine Protegrins
62
3.5.8 Omiganan Derived from Bovine Indolicidin
63
3.6 Insect AMPs as New Leads for Human Treatments
64
References
66
4 From Traditional Maggot Therapy to Modern Biosurgery
75
4.1 Renewed Attention to an Old-Fashioned Therapy
75
4.2 Biology of Medicinal Maggots
76
4.3 Beneficial Effects of Maggot Therapy
77
4.3.1 Debridement
77
4.4 Promotion of Wound Healing
78
4.5 Disinfection
78
4.6 Application of Medicinal Maggots
79
4.7 Maggot-Derived Compounds with Therapeutic Potential in Biosurgery
79
4.7.1 Anti-Microbial Molecules from L. sericata
79
4.8 Inducible Digestive Enzymes
82
4.9 Future Directions
82
References
82
5 Insect-Associated Microorganisms as a Source for Novel Secondary Metabolites with Therapeutic Potential
84
5.1 Introduction
84
5.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi
86
5.3 Entomopathogenic Bacteria
88
5.4 Bacteria as Insect Symbionts
93
5.5 Conclusions
96
References
96
6 Potential Pharmaceuticals from Insects and Their Co-Occurring Microorganisms
101
6.1 Introduction
101
6.2 Interesting Low Molecular Natural Compounds from Insects and Their Biologically Active Synthetic Derivatives
104
6.2.1 Cantharidin from Coleoptera and Canthariphilous Insects and Its Natural and Synthetic Analogues
104
6.2.2 Other Insect-Derived Compounds
108
6.3 Low Molecular Weight Compounds from Insect-Derived Microorganisms
109
6.3.1 Odonata (Dragonflies)
110
6.3.2 Orthoptera
110
6.3.3 Hemiptera
111
6.3.4 Hymenoptera
112
6.3.5 Neuroptera
113
6.3.6 Coleoptera (Beetles)
113
6.3.7 Siphonaptera
117
6.3.8 Unknown Insects
118
6.4 Conclusions
119
References
119
Part II Insect Biotechnology in Plant Protection
126
7 Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as New Weapons Against Plant Pathogens
127
7.1 Controlling Microbial Plant Pathogens
127
7.2 Insect Antimicrobial Peptides
128
7.3 Cecropins
130
7.4 Sarcotoxins
132
7.5 Attacins
133
7.6 Defensins
134
7.7 Metchnikowin
136
7.8 Future Prospects
139
7.8.1 Rational Design of AMPs
139
7.8.2 Directed Discovery of Specific Insect AMPs
140
7.8.3 Inducible and Tissue-Specific Expression of Insect AMPs
141
7.8.4 Fusion of AMPs and Pathogen-Specific Antibodies
143
References
145
8 Protection of Crops Against Insect Pests Using RNA Interference
149
8.1 Introduction
150
8.2 Regulation of Gene Expression by Small Cytoplasmic RNAs
150
8.3 RNA Interference and Cellular Transport Mechanisms for RNA Import and Export Systemic Effects
153
8.4 Oral Delivery of dsRNA to Insects to Produce RNA Interference Effects
158
8.5 Production of dsRNA in Plants for Delivery to Invertebrate Pests: Nematodes as a Case Study
161
8.6 Insect Resistance in Plants Through RNAi Effects: Current Progress
164
8.6.1 Preselection of Target Gene
165
8.6.2 Selection of Target Genes by Screening
166
8.7 Prospects for RNAi-Mediated Crop Protection
167
References
169
9 Insect Transgenesis and the Sterile Insect Technique
173
9.1 Introduction
173
9.2 Features of Insect Transformation Systems
174
9.3 Basic Science: Tools for Functional Gene Identification and Characterization
178
9.4 Insect Pest Management: Transgene-Improved Sterile Insect Technique
183
9.5 Ecological and Ethical Considerations
188
References
190
Part III Industrial Applications of Insect Biotechnology
199
10 Insect Cells for Heterologous Production of Recombinant Proteins
200
10.1 Heterologous Protein Expression in Insect Cells -- History
200
10.2 Insect Cells -- Introduction
201
10.2.1 Types and Sources
201
10.2.2 Post-Translational Modifications
201
10.3 Baculoviruses
203
10.3.1 Classification
203
10.3.2 Structure and Replication
203
10.4 Commercially Available Expression Systems
204
10.4.1 Bac-to-Bac ® System (Invitrogen)
205
10.5 Lab Facilities
206
10.5.1 Cell Growth
207
10.6 Insect Cells for Continuous Protein Expression
207
10.7 Protein Production in Larvae
208
10.8 Conclusions
209
References
209
11 Biotechnologies Based on Silk
213
11.1 Silk Use in Textiles and Related Products
213
11.1.1 Silk as a Natural Fiber
213
11.1.2 The Ancient Technology of Silk Reeling
216
11.2 Use of Natural Silk in Medicine
217
11.2.1 Silk Fibers
217
11.2.2 Use of Sericin Products
218
11.3 Recombinant Silk Products
221
11.3.1 Filaments from Recombinant Silk-Type Proteins
221
11.3.2 Recombinant Sericin-Like Proteins
222
References
223
12 Biosensors on the Basis of Insect Olfaction
227
12.1 Definition and Basic Principles
227
12.2 Types of Biosensors
228
12.2.1 Bio-Components
228
12.2.2 Generations of Biosensors
229
12.2.3 Transducers
229
12.3 Applications of Biosensors
230
12.4 Insect Olfaction as a Basis for Biosensors
231
12.4.1 The Biochemical Transduction Pathway in Insect Olfaction
231
12.5 Application Layout: Biosensors on the Basis of Insect Antennae
233
12.5.1 Fire Detection with Insect Antennae
234
12.5.2 Detection of Phytophagous Infestation in Agricultural Crops
235
12.5.3 Assessment of Increased Infestation Disposition for Insect Forest Pests
236
12.5.4 Post Mortem Interval (PMI) Estimation in Legal Medicine
237
12.6 Biomimetic Approaches to Sensors on the Basis of Insect Olfaction
238
12.6.1 Detection of Meat Spoilage
239
12.6.2 Early Fire Warning System in Wood Flake Driers
240
References
241
13 Insect-Inspired Technologies: Insects as a Source for Biomimetics
243
13.1 Introduction
243
13.2 Materials
244
13.3 Surfaces
247
13.4 Adhesives
253
13.5 Optics
256
13.6 Photonics
257
13.7 Sensorics
258
13.8 Robotics
259
13.9 Future Perspectives
261
References
262
Index
267
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