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Psychological and Political Strategies for Peace Negotiation - A Cognitive Approach
of: Francesco Aquilar, Mauro Galluccio
Springer-Verlag, 2010
ISBN: 9781441974303 , 258 Pages
Format: PDF, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
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Psychological and Political Strategies for Peace Negotiation - A Cognitive Approach
Foreword
8
Preface
12
Why This Book on Psychology and Politics of Peace Negotiation: Objectives and Approach
12
Acknowledgements
18
Contents
20
Contributors
22
About the Editors
28
Chapter 1: Changing Minds: How the Application of the Multiple Intelligences (MI) Framework Could Positively Contribute to the Theory and Practise of International Negotiation
30
Mind Changing
30
Two Instances of Mind Changing
30
The Forms and Contents of the Human Mind
32
Seven Mind Changers
33
Levels of Analysis
36
Within an Individual Mind
36
One Individual Affecting the Mind of Another
36
Teaching and Training
37
Mind Change in the Political Sphere
37
Mind Change in the Cultural Sphere
38
Real World Interventions
38
Resistances
39
Multiple Intelligences Framework
39
International Negotiation and Multiple Intelligences Framework
40
References
43
Chapter 2: International Negotiations, Evolution, and the Value of Compassion
44
Introduction
44
The Challenges of the Evolved Brain and the Evolutionary Processes
46
Social Mentalities
47
Evolution, Culture and Learning: The Biopsychosocial Model
50
The Cognitive World
52
Inter-group Conflicts
53
Competitions and Conflicts: Negotiating to Get the Best Deal for Oneself
53
The Problem of Leaders
54
The Pressures on Negotiators
56
Solutions
58
Socio-political
58
Training
59
Short Term Versus Long Term
60
Conclusions
61
References
62
Chapter 3: Personal Schemas in the Negotiation Process: A Cognitive Therapy Approach
65
Negotiation and the View of the Self
66
Negotiation and the View of the Other
67
Impediments to Negotiation
69
Automatic Thoughts in Negotiation
69
Problematic Styles of Persuasion
71
Personal Schemas and Negotiation
73
The Special Case: The Narcissist as Negotiator
74
Turning the Narcissist into a Negotiator
76
Special Traps for Narcissists
79
Conclusions
80
References
81
Chapter 4: Emotional Competence and Effective Negotiation: The Integration of Emotion Understanding, Regulation, and Communication
83
Theoretical Assumptions
85
Reciprocal Influence Between Emotions and Relationships
85
Emotion Generation and Ethno-Psychology
86
Moral Disposition or Identity
87
Negotiation Theory and Emotion Research
87
Emotional Intelligence and Negotiation
88
Distinguishing Emotional Competence from Emotional Intelligence
88
Skills of Emotional Competence as Applied to Negotiation
89
Awareness of One’s Own Emotions
89
Understanding of Others’ Emotional Experience and Capacity for Empathy/Sympathy
91
Skill in Using the Vocabulary of Emotion and Expression
93
Emotional-Expressive Behavior Management and Regulation of Emotion Regulation
94
Management of Emotional-Expressive Behavior
95
Emotion Regulation
96
Awareness of How Emotion Communication Differentiates Relationships and Capacity for Emotional Self-Efficacy
97
Relevance to Negotiation
98
Conclusions
100
References
100
Chapter 5: Tacit Knowledge Structures in the Negotiation Process
103
Cognitive Products, Processes and Structures
104
Memory Processes in Cognitive Functioning
107
Fast and Frugal Heuristics
109
Heuristics
109
Practical Implications for Negotiations
111
References
113
Chapter 6: Ways to Improve Political Decision-Making: Negotiating Errors to be Avoided
114
Origins of the Fantasy
114
My Fantasy
115
Preventative Interventions
116
Translating a “Fantasy” into a Practical Intervention
118
A Touch of Reality Testing
121
References
122
Chapter 7: Escalation of Images in International Conflicts
125
The Negotiation Process: Metaphors and Images
126
Images and Unachieved Negotiations
127
Escalation in Negotiation
129
Escalation of Images: First Level
130
A Further Stage in the Escalation of Images: Demonization
132
Demonizing Versus Negotiating
134
Distorted Images
135
Images and Reality
138
References
140
Chapter 8: Communication Preliminary to Negotiation in Intractable Conflict
142
Motivation to Escape the Conflict
143
Optimism About Finding a Mutually Acceptable Agreement
145
The Relationship Between Motivation and Optimism
145
Back-Channel Communication
147
Unofficial Communication: Track 2 and Track 1 ½ Diplomacy
149
Conclusions: Growing Optimism and Stages on the Way to Negotiation
151
References
153
Chapter 9: Negotiating a New Deal Between Science and Society: Reflections on the Importance of Cognition and Emotions in International Scientific Cooperation
155
Introduction
155
Back to Basics: What Type of Science and Scientific Cooperation is Needed for the Transitions Towards More Sustainable Societies?
158
Implication of Some Recent Research Results from Different Branches of Science for a More Effective Engagement of Science with Societal Negotiation and Mediation Processes
165
Under What Conditions Can International Scientific Cooperation Support Meeting the Challenges of the next Decades to Bring Human Societies in Line with Sustainability?
171
Concluding Remarks
176
References
177
Chapter 10: Representative Decision Making: Constituency Constraints on Collective Action
181
Overview
181
Background
182
Research Design
186
Data Collection and Analysis
187
Results
189
Discussion
192
Appendix
195
The Situation
195
References
196
Chapter 11: Ideal Negotiator: A Personal Formula for the New International System
198
Two Sides of Negotiation
199
Three Dimensions of Negotiation as the Beginning
201
Some New Elements of the Setting
205
The Structure of the International Negotiations (A System)
207
References
209
Chapter 12: How It Looks When Negotiations Fail: Why Do We Need Specific and Specialized Training for International Negotiators?
211
Consequences
212
Material Damages
212
Migrations
213
Civil Casualties
214
Subsequent Consequences
214
Conclusions
215
References
216
Chapter 13: Cognitive Therapy in National Conflict Resolution: An Opportunity. The Lebanese Experience
218
Review of the Basic Principles of CBT
219
How Do We Achieve This?
219
The Principles of Negotiation (Young and Beck 1980) Involve Principally
220
Types of Conflict Situations
220
The Lebanese Experience
221
Region A
221
Region B
221
Region C
222
How Could Negotiators Benefit from CBT to Be Better Prepared in Situations Such as A and B?
222
New Challenges for CBT
223
Causal Attribution of Rupture as per Analysisof the Interviews
225
Cognitive Factors
226
Group A
226
Group B
226
Group C
227
Group D
227
Identification of Some Cognitive Biases as per Analysis of the Interviews
228
Summary of Emotions
228
Examples of Cognitive Conceptualization
228
Organization
229
CTI as a Facilitator, Aiming at Reducing the Impact of Cognitive-Behavioral Differences
229
Conclusions
230
References
230
Chapter 14: Transformative Leadership for Peace Negotiation
232
Introduction
232
International Organizations as Medium to bring Nations and People closer together
235
Small and Flexible Teams of Negotiators WithinInternational Institutional Frameworks: The Case of the European Union
237
The European Union and US Negotiating Behaviors
239
Interpersonal Negotiations
241
Individual and Social Cognitive Mechanisms Influencing Decision-Making Processes
242
Aware Leadership for the Future
244
Negotiating Working Relationship
245
Breakdown Resolution and Alliance Building: Training Elements
247
A Cognitive Oriented Political Strategy
250
Conclusions
251
References
253
Chapter 15: Social Cognitive Psychotherapy: From Clinical Practice to Peace Perspectives
257
Introduction
257
From Clinical Practice to Peace Perspectives
259
Cognitive Approaches to Peace
261
Selective Moral Disengagement
262
The Psychological Effects of Power
263
Psychological Effects of Leadership
264
Countermeasures
265
Integrating Viewpoints
266
Psychological Strategies
267
A Model of Social Psychotherapy
268
Conclusions
269
References
271
Chapter 16: Conclusions
273
Index
275
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