The Little Black Book of Neuropsychology - A Syndrome-Based Approach

Acknowledgments

Preface

References

Contents

Contributors

The Neuropsychology Referral and Answering the Referral Question

Evidenced Based Neuropsychological Practice

Description of Neuropsychological Functioning

Structure and Organization of the Evaluation

References

Deconstructing the Medical Chart

The Medical Chart

References

Neuroanatomy Primer: Structure and Function of the Human Nervous System

Introduction to the Human Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

Brain Anatomy Overview

Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Cellular Organization of the Cortex

Functional Neuroanatomy: Structural and Functional Networks

Summary

References and Suggested Readings

Components of the Neuropsychological Evaluation

Basics of the Neuropsychology Evaluation

Factors Affecting Neuropsychological Functioning

Time: An Important Variable in the Neuropsychological Evaluation

Assessment of Basic Nervous System Functions (Cranial Nerves, Sensory and Motor Functions)

“Higher Order” Neuropsychological Function Examination

References and Suggested Further Readings

Arousal: The Disoriented, Stuporous, Agitated or Somnolent Patient

Arousal Problems: A Behavioral Guide

Stuporous Conditions Mimicking Coma

Delirium

Assessment of Arousal

References and Suggested Further Reading

Attention/Concentration: The Distractible Patient

Anatomy of Attention/Concentration

Attention Problems: A Behavioral Guide

Assessment of Attention

Methods to Assess Attention and Concentration

Brief/Bedside Assessment of Attention

Assessment of Vigilance

References and Suggested Further Reading

Language Problems and Assessment: The Aphasic Patient

Overview of Language

Anatomical Correlates

Recovery of Language Function

Language Problems: A Behavioral Guide

Bedside Assessment of Language

Psychometric Based Assessment of Language

References

Appendix A

Memory and Learning: The Forgetful Patient

A Model of Memory

Types of Memory

Terms of Memory Impairment

Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory Problems

Anatomy of Memory

Temporal Lobe and Memory

Diencephalon and Memory

Frontal Lobes and Basal Forebrain and Memory

Laterality and Memory

Storage and Retrieval in Memory

Assessment of Memory

Brief Bedside (Acute) Assessment of Memory

Intermediate/Bedside Assessment of Memory

Comprehensive/Outpatient Laboratory Assessment of Memory

References and Suggested Further Reading

Deficits in Visuospatial/Visuoconstructional Skills and Motor Praxis

Anatomy of Visual and Visuospatial Processing

Visual Processing “Streams”

Visual and Visuospatial Deficits

Visuoperceptual Distortions

Cortical Blindness or “Blind Sight”

Balint’s Syndrome

Visual Agnosia

Apraxia

Assessment of Visuospatial (Visual-Spatial) Functioning

Assessment and Interpretation of Visuoconstructional Functions

Bedside Assessment of Visuospatial ( Visuoconstructional) Skills

Laboratory (Outpatient) Neuropsychological Assessments

References and Suggested Further Reading

Frontal Lobe/Executive Functioning

Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes

Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction: The “ Frontal Lobe” Patient

Bedside Assessment of Frontal Lobe Functions

References and Suggested Further Reading

Affect, Emotions and Mood

Multiaxial Diagnostic System

Mood/Emotions and Neurologic Illness

References and Suggested Further Reading

Aphasia Syndromes

Clinical Classification of Aphasias

Assessment

Ethnic, Age, Diversity and Psychiatric Considerations

Appendix: Rapid Review Summary for Classic Aphasia Syndromes

References

Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke

Section I: Stroke Pathophysiology, Neuroanatomy, and Clinical Features

Cerebral Vasculature

Clinical Symptoms and Neuroanatomic Correlates

Section II: Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients after Stroke

Emotional Regulation/Personality Changes

Treatment of Stroke and Rehabilitation

References

Dementias and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults

Diagnostic Criteria and Definitions

Etiologies of Dementia

Prevalence of Dementia

Clinical Descriptions of Common Dementia Conditions

Assessment of Dementia

References

Episodic Neurologic Symptoms

Global Symptoms

Focal Symptoms

References

Epilepsy and Seizures

Making a Diagnosis

Incidence/Prevalence

Seizure Classification

Epilepsy Etiology and Syndromes

Selected Epilepsy Syndromes

Treatment of Seizures

Neuropsychological (Cognitive and Behavioral) Comorbidity in Epilepsy

Factors That May Obscure Neuropsychological Profiles in Presurgical Epilepsy Patients

Predicting Seizure Freedom, Side of Seizure Onset, and Cognitive Outcome Following Epilepsy Surgery

Psychiatric Status and Quality-of-life in Epilepsy

Neuropsychological Assessment Guide

Analysis of Change in Neuropsychology Test Scores

Summary

Appendix 1. International Classification of Epilepsies, Epileptic Syndromes, and Related Seizure Disorders

Appendix 2. Example of Newly Proposed Classification of Epilepsy Syndromes ( 2001)

References

Neuropsychology of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Definition and Diagnosis

Prevalence and Incidence

Etiology

Psychological Testing and Evidence-Based Psychology Practice

Counting Elephants: Are There Meaningful PNES Subtypes?

Treatment

PNES in Children and Adolescents

Neuropsychological Assessment Strategies with PNES

Future Directions for Research, Detection, and Treatment of PNES

Appendix

References

Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder, and Malingering

Definition/Terminology

Prevalence

Etiology

Malingering and Factitious Disorder

Differential Diagnosis: Distinguishing Somatoform Disorder from Malingering/ Factitious Conditions and Genuine Illness

References

Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders

Section I: Common Movement Disorders: Neurological and Neuropsychological Features

Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Dementia with Lewy Bodies

“Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes

Drug-Induced Parkinsonism

Vascular Parkinsonism

Other Movement Disorders

Section II: Medical and Surgical Treatment of the Movement Disorders

Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Lewy Body Dementia

The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes

Presurgical Neuropsychological Evaluation

Ablation Techniques

The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes

Essential Tremor

Essential Tremor

Dystonia

Tourette Syndrome

Chapter Summary

References

Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders

Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis

Neuropsychological Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Correlates with Neuropsychological Deficits

Assessment of Neuropsychological Deficits in MS

Treatment Neuropsychological Deficits in MS

References

Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Epidemiology

Terminology and Classification Considerations

Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology

Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Problems

Functional and Neuropsychological Outcome

Neuropsychological Assessment Issues

Psychosocial Outcome

Conclusions

References

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Epidemiology of MTBI

Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria

Neuropsychological Outcome

Early Intervention and Return to Work

Depression and Mild TBI

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Military

Conclusions

References

Sport-Related Concussion

Neurobiology and Pathophysiology

Recovery Time

Classification Systems

Multiple Concussions

Emerging Evidenced-Based Neuropsychology

Return to Play

Conclusions

References

Post-Concussion Syndrome

Diagnostic Criteria

Diagnostic Challenges

Factors Relating to the Perception and Reporting of Symptoms

Post-Concussion Syndrome in Children

Is the Post-Concussion Syndrome Caused by Brain Damage?

Conclusions

References

Definition and Prevalence of Pediatric TBI

Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Overview

Symptoms of TBI

Differences Between Pediatric TBI and Adult TBI

Neuropsychological Assessment of Pediatric TBI

Proposed Neuropsychological Assessment Protocol ( Clinical/ Research:)

Outcome and Recovery from TBI

Variables Affecting Outcome and Recovery

Management and Rehabilitation Issues

Conclusions

References

Brain Tumors

Types of Tumors

Epidemiology

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnosis and Neuroimaging

Classification and Survival Rates

Treatment

Neuropsychological Assessment Issues

Summary and Conclusions

References

Neurotoxicity in Neuropsychology

Definitions

Principals of Identifying and Evaluating Neurotoxic Exposure

The Neurotoxicity Syndrome

Assessment for Neurotoxicity

References

Cognitive Decline in Childhood or Young Adulthood

Metabolic Diseases

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Rassmussen’s Encephaolpathy

Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin Disorders)

Galactosemia

Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome

Rett Syndrome

Hydrocephalus

Psuedotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)

Sickle Cell Disease

Lafora Disease (Aka Lafora Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy)

HIV Associated Progressive Encephalopathy (HPE)/HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy ( CADISIL)

Wilson’s Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)

References

Application of Motivational Interviewing to Neuropsychology Practice: A New Frontier for Evaluations and Rehabilitation

A New Approach to Noncompliance and Patient Feedback: Emerging Empirical Support

What Is Motivational Interviewing?

Core Concepts and Principles of MI

Transtheoretical Model of Change

Principles and SPIRIT of MI

MI Skills and Examples of Strategies

Summary

References

Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychology

Reliability in Neuropsychology

Internal Reliability

Test–Retest Reliability

Alternate Form Reliability

Interrater Reliability

Evaluating a Test’s Reliability

Limits to Reliability, Practice Effects, and Effects of Prior Exposure

Validity in Neuropsychology

Validity Models

How to Evaluate the Validity of a Test

Conclusions

References

Psychometric Foundations for the Interpretation of Neuropsychological Test Results*

Interpreting and Communicating Test Performance in Clinical Practice

Sample Characteristics and Test Score Interpretation

Comparing Scores Between Tests

Normal Variability across Test Batteries and the Prevalence of Low Scores

Assessing Change over Time

Summary and Conclusions

References

Improving Accuracy for Identifying Cognitive Impairment

Conceptualizing Cognitive Impairment

Classifying Cognitive Impairment

DSM-IV Cognitive Disorder NOS ( Mild Neurocognitive Disorder)

Evaluating Cognitive Impairment: Five Psychometric Principles to Consider

Identifying Cognitive Impairment: New Psychometric Criteria for Cognitive Disorder NOS

Conclusions

References

Index