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Acknowledgments
6
Preface
8
References
10
Contents
12
Contributors
16
The Neuropsychology Referral and Answering the Referral Question
20
Evidenced Based Neuropsychological Practice
22
Description of Neuropsychological Functioning
23
Structure and Organization of the Evaluation
23
References
46
Deconstructing the Medical Chart
57
The Medical Chart
57
References
76
Neuroanatomy Primer: Structure and Function of the Human Nervous System
77
Introduction to the Human Nervous System
81
The Central Nervous System
83
Brain Anatomy Overview
84
Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
96
Spinal Cord
99
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
101
Cellular Organization of the Cortex
118
Functional Neuroanatomy: Structural and Functional Networks
124
Summary
143
References and Suggested Readings
144
Components of the Neuropsychological Evaluation
145
Basics of the Neuropsychology Evaluation
146
Factors Affecting Neuropsychological Functioning
147
Time: An Important Variable in the Neuropsychological Evaluation
148
Assessment of Basic Nervous System Functions (Cranial Nerves, Sensory and Motor Functions)
148
“Higher Order” Neuropsychological Function Examination
153
References and Suggested Further Readings
155
Arousal: The Disoriented, Stuporous, Agitated or Somnolent Patient
156
Arousal Problems: A Behavioral Guide
157
Stuporous Conditions Mimicking Coma
158
Delirium
159
Assessment of Arousal
161
References and Suggested Further Reading
164
Attention/Concentration: The Distractible Patient
165
Anatomy of Attention/Concentration
166
Attention Problems: A Behavioral Guide
167
Assessment of Attention
170
Methods to Assess Attention and Concentration
171
Brief/Bedside Assessment of Attention
172
Assessment of Vigilance
173
References and Suggested Further Reading
174
Language Problems and Assessment: The Aphasic Patient
175
Overview of Language
176
Anatomical Correlates
177
Recovery of Language Function
183
Language Problems: A Behavioral Guide
184
Bedside Assessment of Language
190
Psychometric Based Assessment of Language
191
References
192
Appendix A
193
Memory and Learning: The Forgetful Patient
195
A Model of Memory
196
Types of Memory
198
Terms of Memory Impairment
200
Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory Problems
202
Anatomy of Memory
205
Temporal Lobe and Memory
206
Diencephalon and Memory
206
Frontal Lobes and Basal Forebrain and Memory
207
Laterality and Memory
207
Storage and Retrieval in Memory
208
Assessment of Memory
209
Brief Bedside (Acute) Assessment of Memory
210
Intermediate/Bedside Assessment of Memory
210
Comprehensive/Outpatient Laboratory Assessment of Memory
215
References and Suggested Further Reading
215
Deficits in Visuospatial/Visuoconstructional Skills and Motor Praxis
217
Anatomy of Visual and Visuospatial Processing
218
Visual Processing “Streams”
220
Visual and Visuospatial Deficits
221
Visuoperceptual Distortions
222
Cortical Blindness or “Blind Sight”
222
Balint’s Syndrome
222
Visual Agnosia
224
Apraxia
227
Assessment of Visuospatial (Visual-Spatial) Functioning
228
Assessment and Interpretation of Visuoconstructional Functions
230
Bedside Assessment of Visuospatial ( Visuoconstructional) Skills
230
Laboratory (Outpatient) Neuropsychological Assessments
233
References and Suggested Further Reading
234
Frontal Lobe/Executive Functioning
235
Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes
236
Symptoms of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction: The “ Frontal Lobe” Patient
243
Bedside Assessment of Frontal Lobe Functions
256
References and Suggested Further Reading
263
Affect, Emotions and Mood
265
Multiaxial Diagnostic System
266
Mood/Emotions and Neurologic Illness
271
References and Suggested Further Reading
281
Aphasia Syndromes
282
Clinical Classification of Aphasias
283
Assessment
298
Ethnic, Age, Diversity and Psychiatric Considerations
301
Appendix: Rapid Review Summary for Classic Aphasia Syndromes
304
References
306
Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke
308
Section I: Stroke Pathophysiology, Neuroanatomy, and Clinical Features
309
Cerebral Vasculature
319
Clinical Symptoms and Neuroanatomic Correlates
324
Section II: Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients after Stroke
355
Emotional Regulation/Personality Changes
363
Treatment of Stroke and Rehabilitation
365
References
369
Dementias and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Adults
372
Diagnostic Criteria and Definitions
373
Etiologies of Dementia
379
Prevalence of Dementia
379
Clinical Descriptions of Common Dementia Conditions
380
Assessment of Dementia
412
References
415
Episodic Neurologic Symptoms
419
Global Symptoms
420
Focal Symptoms
429
References
435
Epilepsy and Seizures
437
Making a Diagnosis
441
Incidence/Prevalence
443
Seizure Classification
444
Epilepsy Etiology and Syndromes
451
Selected Epilepsy Syndromes
452
Treatment of Seizures
463
Neuropsychological (Cognitive and Behavioral) Comorbidity in Epilepsy
471
Factors That May Obscure Neuropsychological Profiles in Presurgical Epilepsy Patients
483
Predicting Seizure Freedom, Side of Seizure Onset, and Cognitive Outcome Following Epilepsy Surgery
485
Psychiatric Status and Quality-of-life in Epilepsy
496
Neuropsychological Assessment Guide
501
Analysis of Change in Neuropsychology Test Scores
507
Summary
515
Appendix 1. International Classification of Epilepsies, Epileptic Syndromes, and Related Seizure Disorders
516
Appendix 2. Example of Newly Proposed Classification of Epilepsy Syndromes ( 2001)
518
References
519
Neuropsychology of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
534
Definition and Diagnosis
536
Prevalence and Incidence
539
Etiology
541
Psychological Testing and Evidence-Based Psychology Practice
546
Counting Elephants: Are There Meaningful PNES Subtypes?
550
Treatment
552
PNES in Children and Adolescents
554
Neuropsychological Assessment Strategies with PNES
554
Future Directions for Research, Detection, and Treatment of PNES
556
Appendix
556
References
557
Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorder, and Malingering
564
Definition/Terminology
564
Prevalence
566
Etiology
566
Malingering and Factitious Disorder
567
Differential Diagnosis: Distinguishing Somatoform Disorder from Malingering/ Factitious Conditions and Genuine Illness
568
References
574
Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
579
Section I: Common Movement Disorders: Neurological and Neuropsychological Features
580
Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Dementia with Lewy Bodies
590
“Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes
592
Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
594
Vascular Parkinsonism
595
Other Movement Disorders
596
Section II: Medical and Surgical Treatment of the Movement Disorders
601
Diffuse Lewy Body Disease/Lewy Body Dementia
602
The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes
603
Presurgical Neuropsychological Evaluation
608
Ablation Techniques
609
The “Parkinson’s Plus” Syndromes
613
Essential Tremor
613
Essential Tremor
636
Dystonia
639
Tourette Syndrome
647
Chapter Summary
651
References
651
Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders
659
Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis
661
Neuropsychological Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
665
Correlates with Neuropsychological Deficits
667
Assessment of Neuropsychological Deficits in MS
669
Treatment Neuropsychological Deficits in MS
670
References
671
Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
674
Epidemiology
675
Terminology and Classification Considerations
676
Pathoanatomy and Pathophysiology
678
Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Problems
685
Functional and Neuropsychological Outcome
691
Neuropsychological Assessment Issues
694
Psychosocial Outcome
695
Conclusions
698
References
699
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
708
Epidemiology of MTBI
709
Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria
709
Neuropsychological Outcome
713
Early Intervention and Return to Work
717
Depression and Mild TBI
718
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Military
719
Conclusions
722
References
724
Sport-Related Concussion
731
Neurobiology and Pathophysiology
732
Recovery Time
735
Classification Systems
736
Multiple Concussions
738
Emerging Evidenced-Based Neuropsychology
739
Return to Play
744
Conclusions
748
References
749
Post-Concussion Syndrome
755
Diagnostic Criteria
756
Diagnostic Challenges
758
Factors Relating to the Perception and Reporting of Symptoms
760
Post-Concussion Syndrome in Children
765
Is the Post-Concussion Syndrome Caused by Brain Damage?
767
Conclusions
767
References
768
Definition and Prevalence of Pediatric TBI
774
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Overview
774
Symptoms of TBI
776
Differences Between Pediatric TBI and Adult TBI
778
Neuropsychological Assessment of Pediatric TBI
779
Proposed Neuropsychological Assessment Protocol ( Clinical/ Research:)
781
Outcome and Recovery from TBI
783
Variables Affecting Outcome and Recovery
787
Management and Rehabilitation Issues
788
Conclusions
791
References
791
Brain Tumors
796
Types of Tumors
797
Epidemiology
799
Signs and Symptoms
800
Diagnosis and Neuroimaging
802
Classification and Survival Rates
803
Treatment
806
Neuropsychological Assessment Issues
808
Summary and Conclusions
814
References
815
Neurotoxicity in Neuropsychology
821
Definitions
822
Principals of Identifying and Evaluating Neurotoxic Exposure
828
The Neurotoxicity Syndrome
832
Assessment for Neurotoxicity
834
References
842
Cognitive Decline in Childhood or Young Adulthood
847
Metabolic Diseases
849
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
855
Rassmussen’s Encephaolpathy
856
Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Cobalamin Disorders)
858
Galactosemia
859
Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome
860
Rett Syndrome
860
Hydrocephalus
861
Psuedotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)
863
Sickle Cell Disease
864
Lafora Disease (Aka Lafora Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy)
865
HIV Associated Progressive Encephalopathy (HPE)/HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
866
Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy ( CADISIL)
867
Wilson’s Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
867
References
868
Application of Motivational Interviewing to Neuropsychology Practice: A New Frontier for Evaluations and Rehabilitation
870
A New Approach to Noncompliance and Patient Feedback: Emerging Empirical Support
871
What Is Motivational Interviewing?
872
Core Concepts and Principles of MI
873
Transtheoretical Model of Change
873
Principles and SPIRIT of MI
874
MI Skills and Examples of Strategies
875
Summary
877
References
877
Reliability and Validity in Neuropsychology
879
Reliability in Neuropsychology
880
Internal Reliability
881
Test–Retest Reliability
884
Alternate Form Reliability
885
Interrater Reliability
886
Evaluating a Test’s Reliability
888
Limits to Reliability, Practice Effects, and Effects of Prior Exposure
889
Validity in Neuropsychology
892
Validity Models
892
How to Evaluate the Validity of a Test
893
Conclusions
896
References
897
Psychometric Foundations for the Interpretation of Neuropsychological Test Results*
899
Interpreting and Communicating Test Performance in Clinical Practice
900
Sample Characteristics and Test Score Interpretation
902
Comparing Scores Between Tests
909
Normal Variability across Test Batteries and the Prevalence of Low Scores
913
Assessing Change over Time
915
Summary and Conclusions
924
References
926
Improving Accuracy for Identifying Cognitive Impairment
929
Conceptualizing Cognitive Impairment
930
Classifying Cognitive Impairment
932
DSM-IV Cognitive Disorder NOS ( Mild Neurocognitive Disorder)
934
Evaluating Cognitive Impairment: Five Psychometric Principles to Consider
935
Identifying Cognitive Impairment: New Psychometric Criteria for Cognitive Disorder NOS
946
Conclusions
951
References
953
Index
957
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