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Contents
8
Preface
14
References
16
Acknowledgements
17
1 Entropy and the Second Law
18
1.1 Early Thermodynamics
18
1.2 The Second Law: Twenty-One Formulations
20
1.3 Entropy: Twenty-One Varieties
30
1.4 Nonequilibrium Entropy
40
1.5 Entropy and the Second Law: Discussion
43
1.6 Zeroth and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
44
References
47
2 Challenges (1870-1980)
52
2.1 Maxwell’s Demon and Other Victorian Devils
52
2.2 Exorcising Demons
56
2.3 Inviolability Arguments
59
2.4 Candidate Second Law Challenges
65
References
68
3 Modern Quantum Challenges: Theory
70
3.1 Prolegomenon
70
3.2 Thermodynamic Limit and Weak Coupling
72
3.3 BeyondWeak Coupling: Quantum Correlations
84
3.4 Allahverdyan-Nieuwenhuizen Theorem
86
3.5 Scaling and Beyond
88
3.6 Quantum Kinetic and Non-Kinetic Models
92
3.7 Disputed Quantum Models
122
3.8 Kinetics in the DC Limit
123
3.9 Theoretical Summary
128
References
130
4 Low-Temperature Experiments and Proposals
134
4.1 Introduction
134
4.2 Superconductivity
134
4.3 Keefe CMCE Engine
138
4.4 Nikulov Inhomogeneous Loop
142
4.5 Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Second Law
151
4.6 Quantum Coherence and Entanglement
152
References
158
5 Modern Classical Challenges
162
5.1 Introduction
162
5.2 Gordon Membrane Models
163
5.3 Denur Challenges
171
5.4 Crosignani-Di Porto Adiabatic Piston
176
5.5 Trupp Electrocaloric Cycle
181
5.6 Liboff Tri-Channel
186
5.7 Thermodynamic Gas Cycles
188
References
189
6 Gravitational Challenges
192
6.1 Introduction
192
6.2 Asymmetric Gravitator Model
194
6.3 Loschmidt Gravito-Thermal Effect
219
References
224
7 Chemical Nonequilibrium Steady States
228
7.1 Introduction
228
7.2 Chemical Paradox and Detailed Balance
231
7.3 Pressure Gradients and Reaction Rates
235
7.4 Numerical Simulations
241
7.5 Laboratory Experiments
244
7.6 Discussion and Outlook
250
References
254
8 Plasma Paradoxes
256
8.1 Introduction
256
8.2 Plasma I System
257
8.3 Plasma II System
268
8.4 Jones and Cruden Criticisms
279
References
283
9 MEMS/NEMS Devices
284
9.1 Introduction
284
9.2 Thermal Capacitors
285
9.3 Linear Electrostatic Motor (LEM)
294
9.4 Hammer and Anvil Model
308
9.5 Experimental Prospects
317
References
318
10 Special Topics
320
10.1 Rubrics for Classical Challenges
320
10.2 Thermosynthetic Life
325
10.3 Physical Eschatology
336
10.4 The Second Law Mystique
344
References
348
Color Plates
352
Index
360
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