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The Chapters
11
Chapter 1: Revitalising the Public Health Evidence Base: An Asset Model
41
1.1 Introduction
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1.2 What Are Health Assets?
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1.3 Developing the Asset Model
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1.4 Using Salutogenesis to Build an Evidence Base for Health
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1.5 Assets in Action
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1.6 Assets and Evaluation
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1.7 Conclusions
51
References
52
Chapter 2: A Salutogenic Approach to Tackling Health Inequalities
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2.1 Introduction
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2.2 Background
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2.3 The Present: From Modernity to Post-Modernity
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2.4 The Issue of Health Once Again
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2.5 An Interdisciplinary Framework to Health?
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2.6 Welfare as a Prerequisite for Well-Being
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2.7 Can Learning Be Conducive to Mental Well-Being?
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2.8 Positive Concepts of Mental Health Within Social Psychology
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2.9 Methodological Problems in Assessment of Happiness, Well-Being and Quality of Life
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2.10 The Concept of Resilience
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2.11 The Salutogenic Framework
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2.12 Contemporary Evidence on SOC and Especially in Relation to Culture and/or Mental Well-Being, Quality of Life and Healt
72
References
75
Chapter 3: A Theoretical Model of Assets: The Link Between Biology and the Social Structure
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Vectors of Causation
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3.2.1 The Population Vector
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3.2.2 The Societal Vector
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3.2.3 The Organization Vector
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3.2.4 Environment Vector
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3.3 Lifecourse and Lifeworld
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3.4 Coping in the Lifeworld
86
3.5 Conclusion: Assets to Control the Lifeworld
90
References
92
Chapter 4: Asset Mapping in Communities
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 A Twenty-First Century Map for Healthy Communities and Families
97
References
113
Chapter 5: Assets Based Interventions: Evaluating and Synthesizing Evidence of the Effectiveness of the Assets Based Approach
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 The Assets Based Approach
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5.3 Implications for Evaluation
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5.4 Implications for Evidence Synthesis
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5.4.1 Evaluation vs. Effectiveness1
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5.4.2 The Realist Critique of Meta-Analytical Systematic Reviews
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5.4.3 The Realist Critique of Narrative Systematic Reviews
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5.4.4 The Realist Synthesis Approach
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5.5 An Example: The Effectiveness of Community Interventions Project
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5.5.1 Components of the Framework
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5.5.2 Candidate Mechanisms of the Framework
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5.5.2.1 Component 1: Collaborative Planning
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5.5.2.2 Component 2: Community Organization & Action
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5.5.2.3 Component 3: Transformational Change
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5.6 Conclusion
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References
134
Chapter 6: Resilience as an Asset for Healthy Development
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6.1 Introduction
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6.2 Resilience Capability and Freedom
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6.3 Sources of Resilience and “Healthy Choices”
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6.4 Diet as a Source of Resilience: the Importance of the Social Context
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6.5 Deindustrialization: Health Risks and Resilience
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6.6 Capability and the Production of Well-Being
146
References
149
Chapter 7: How to Assess Resilience: Reflections on a Measurement Model
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7.1 Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Within the New Morbidity
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7.1.1 The New Morbidity and Its Consequences for Our Understanding of Health Determinants
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7.1.2 The Rising Importance of Mental Health Problems in Childhood and Adolescence
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7.1.3 Beyond Mental Ill-Health: The Importance of Positive Mental Health
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7.2 Risks, Resources and Resilience: Promoting the Capacity to Cope with Adversity
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7.2.1 Different Levels of Mental Health Determinants
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7.2.2 Findings on Risk Factors for Mental Health and Shortcomings of the Risk Approach
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7.2.3 How to Maintain Health Despite Adverse Conditions: Taking a Look at Resources
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7.2.4 Resilience: Some Further Conceptual Clarifications
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7.2.5 Models of Resilience
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7.3 Identifying Health Assets in Order to Foster Resilience
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7.3.1 The Potential of Population-Based Studies
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7.3.2 Measuring Adversity: Risk Factors Assessment
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7.3.3 Measuring Resources: Protective Factors Assessment
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7.4 Assets in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Children: An Example from the BELLA Study
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7.5 Conclusions
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References
174
Chapter 8: Measuring Children’s Well-Being: Some Problems and Possibilities
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8.1 Introduction
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8.1.1 Summary of UNICEF Report
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8.1.2 Why Are We Writing This Chapter?
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8.2 What Is “Well-Being”?
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8.3 Measuring Well-Being
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8.3.1 Dimension 1: Material Well-Being
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8.3.2 Dimension 2: Health and Safety
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8.3.3 Dimension 3: Educational Well-Being
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8.3.4 Dimension 4: Family and Peer Relationships
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8.3.5 Dimension 5: Behaviours and Risks
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8.3.6 Dimension 6: Subjective Well-Being
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8.3.7 Discussion of These Dimensions
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8.3.8 Overall Comments
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8.4 Rights: The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
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8.5 Conclusions
194
References
196
Chapter 9: The Relationship Between Health Assets, Social Capital and Cohesive Communities
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9.1 Social Cohesion and Health: Theoretical Links to Health
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9.1.1 Collective Socialization
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9.1.2 Informal Social Control
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9.1.3 Collective Efficacy
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9.2 The Measurement of Social Cohesion
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9.3 Social Cohesion and Health: Empirical Findings
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9.4 Is Investing in Social Cohesion a Practical Strategy for Health Promotion?
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9.5 Conclusions
210
References
210
Chapter 10: Community Empowerment and Health Improvement: The English Experience
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10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Community Empowerment, Development and Involvement
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10.3 Community Empowerment and Health Improvements
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10.4 Community Engagement in Public Health Policy and Practice
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10.5 The Challenge of Community Empowerment and Engagement for Health Development
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10.6 Reviewing Evidence on Good Practice in Community Empowerment, Community Engagementand Community Development an
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10.7 Evaluative Evidence on Community Engagement/Development
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References
224
Chapter 11: Strengthening the Assets of Women Living in Disadvantaged Situations: The German Experience
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11.1 Introduction
227
11.2 The Concept of Movement in a Health Promotion/Health Assets Framework
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11.2.1 Beyond Sport and Physical Activity
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11.2.2 Movement and Social Inequality
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11.2.2.1 Movement: Social Support and Inequality
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11.2.2.2 Movement: Community Connectedness and Inequality
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11.2.2.3 Movement: The Built Environment and Inequality
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11.3 Assets for Movement
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11.3.1 Individuals as an Asset for Movement
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11.3.2 Organisations as an Asset for Movement
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11.3.3 Infrastructures as an Asset for Movement
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11.4 Assessing Assets for Movement
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11.4.1 Methodology of Asset Assessment
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11.4.2 Implementation of Asset Assessment
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11.4.3 Results of Assets Assessment
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11.5 Applying Assets for Movement in the Planning Process
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11.5.1 Methodology of Asset Application
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11.5.2 Implementation of Asset Application
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11.5.3 Results of Asset Application
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11.6 Evaluating the Use of Assets for Movement for the Development of the Interventions
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11.6.1 Methodology of Evaluation
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11.6.2 Results of the Evaluation
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11.7 Conclusions
245
References
246
Chapter 12: Sustainable Community-Based Health and Development Programs in Rural India
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Box 12.1 Jodhpur
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12.1 Background
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12.2 Introduction
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12.3 Health Inequities in India
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12.4 Policy Environment
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12.5 Community-Based Health and Development Programme – Khoj: An Innovation for Further Adoption
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Box 12.2 Definitions of Key Characteristics Ensuring Community Health and Development
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Box 12.3 Khoj – A Vision for Progress in Community Health and Development Partnerships
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12.6 Khoj Initiative – Programme Approach and Outreach
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12.6.1 Khoj Strategies
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12.7 Work-in-Progress and Lessons Learned
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12.8 Khoj Thrust Areas of Work
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12.9 Health Interventions
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12.9.1 Women and Health
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12.9.2 Specific Health Issues
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12.9.3 Health Promotion
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12.10 Community Organization
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12.10.1 Education
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12.10.2 Community Development
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12.10.3 Capacity Building
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12.10.4 Income Generation Programme
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12.10.5 Formation of Self Help Groups
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12.10.6 Livestock Improvement
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12.10.7 Environment
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12.10.8 Collaboration with the Government
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12.10.9 Sustainability
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12.10.10 Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation
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12.10.11 Impact and Achievements
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12.11 Key Learnings
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12.12 Conclusion
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12.13 Annex: Success Stories
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12.13.1 Towards a Culture of Preparedness and Sustainability
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12.13.1.1 Aparajita Orissa
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12.13.2 Long Term Development Through Community Participation
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12.13.2.1 Sambhav Social Service Organisation, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh
275
References
277
Chapter 13: The Application and Evaluation of an Assets-Based Model in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Experience wi
279
13.1 Introduction
279
13.2 Background
281
13.3 The Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities Movement in LAC
283
Municipal Governments as a Strategic Health Asset: The Experience of a Malaria Prevention and Control Initiative in Central Am
284
13.4 Building the Evidence of the Effectiveness of Interventions that Incorporate an Assets-based Approach in LAC
286
13.5 PAHO’s Evaluation Initiative
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13.6 The Application of the Participatory Evaluation Guide in LAC
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The Application of the Participatory Evaluation Methodology to the Tai Chi in the Parks Program, in Miraflores, Peru2
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13.7 Discussion
293
References
294
Chapter 14: Parents and Communities’ Assets to Control Under-Five Child Malaria in Rural Benin, West Africa
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14.1 Introduction
296
14.2 International and National Context at the Time of the Study
297
14.2.1 The Heads of State and Government Summit in Abuja on Malaria
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14.3 The Millennium Development Goals
299
14.4 Approaches Used in Benin to Control Malaria
299
14.5 How to Deal with the Persistence of Malaria?
300
14.6 Intervention (Houéto and Deccache 2008)
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14.7 Results
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14.7.1 At the Individual Level
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14.7.2 At the Community Level
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14.7.3 Health Data
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14.8 The Critical Conditions Required to Ensurethe Effective Implementation of Assets Based Policy at a Community Level
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14.9 New Methodologies for Constructing the Evidence Base on Assets Approaches to Health and Development
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14.10 Conclusion
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References
309
Chapter 15: Strengthening Asset Focused Policy Making in Hungary
314
15.1 Introduction
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15.1.1 Health Policy Environment
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15.1.2 Main Characteristics of Health Promotion in Hungary
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15.1.3 The Main Assets of Promoting Health in Hungary
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15.2 Setting the Scene
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15.2.1 Background, Main Trends of Economic Development
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15.2.2 Budgetary Restrictions
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15.2.3 Facing the Uncertainties of an Economic and Financial Crisis: The Nature of Challenge
317
15.3 The New Hungary Development Plan as an Asset for Promoting Health at Central Government Level
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15.4 Specific Features of Community Development in Eastern Europe
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15.5 Integrating Health in Local Development Plans
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15.5.1 The City Health Promotion Plan of Békéscsaba
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15.5.2 The Socioeconomic Profile of Békéscsaba
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15.5.3 Experience in Health Promotion Prior to the City Health Promotion Plan
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15.5.4 The Development Plan of Békéscsaba: A General Framework
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15.5.5 Setting up the City Health Promotion Plan
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15.5.6 Key Objectives of the City Health Promotion Plan
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15.5.7 Main Assets of the City Health Promotion Plan
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15.6 Conclusions
326
References
326
Chapter 16: How Forms of Social Capital Can Be an Asset for Promoting Health Equity
328
16.1 Introduction
328
16.2 Types of Social Capital in Relation to Health and Health Equity
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16.3 Bonding, Bridging and Linking Social Capital
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16.3.1 Bonding
330
16.3.2 Bridging
332
16.3.3 Linking
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16.4 Social Capital and Equity
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Box 16.1 Features associated with more equitable societies likely to promote health
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16.5 Policies, Forms of Social Capital and the Creation of Health Equity
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16.6 Linking Social Capital and Policy
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16.7 Bonding and Bridging Social Capital and Policy
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16.8 Conclusion
343
References
343
Chapter 17: Internal and External Assets and Romanian Adolescents’ Health: An Evidence-Based Approach to Health Promoting Sc
346
17.1 Introduction
346
17.2 Mapping Internal and External Assets in Romanian Adolescents
347
17.3 Research Methods
350
17.4 Results
351
17.5 Internal and External Assets and AdolescentMental Health
352
17.6 Internal and External Assets and Health Behaviour
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17.7 The “Asset Promoting School”: Providing a Framework for Policy Development
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17.8 Conclusions
359
References
359
Chapter 18: Bringing It All Together: The Salutogenic Response to Some of the Most PertinentPublic Health Dilemmas
363
18.1 Introduction
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18.2 The Theory of Salutogenesis
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18.3 Asset Mapping
365
18.4 Asset Indicators
370
References
373
ConclusionsAntony Morgan, Maggie Davies, and Erio Ziglio
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