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Handbook of Offshore Engineering (2-volume set)
of: Subrata Chakrabarti
Elsevier Trade Monographs, 2005
ISBN: 9780080523811 , 644 Pages
Format: PDF, ePUB, Read online
Copy protection: DRM
HANDBOOK OF OFFSHORE ENGINEERING Volume II
3
PREFACE
7
ABBREVIATIONS
11
CONVERSION FACTORS
13
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
17
Chapter 8: Mooring Systems
27
8.1 Introduction
27
8.2 Requirements
29
8.3 Fundamentals
29
8.3.1 Catenary Lines
29
8.3.2 Synthetic Lines
33
8.3.3 Single Catenary Line ...
34
8.4 Loading Mechanisms
35
8.5 Mooring System Design
39
8.5.1 Static Design
39
8.5.2 Quasi-Static Design
40
8.5.3 Dynamic Design
41
8.5.4 Synthetic Lines
44
8.5.5 Effective Water Depth
44
8.5.6 Mooring Spreads
44
8.5.7 Uncertainty in Line ...
45
8.5.8 Uncertainty in Line ...
48
8.6 Mooring Hardware Comp...
51
8.6.1 Chain
51
8.6.2 Wire Rope
52
8.6.3 Properties of Chain ...
53
8.6.4 Moorings
53
8.6.5 Connectors
53
8.6.6 Shipboard Equipment
57
8.6.7 Anchors
57
8.6.8 Turrets
58
8.7 Industry Standards and Cl...
60
8.7.1 Certi.cation
61
8.7.2 Environmental Cond...
61
8.7.3 Mooring System Anal...
63
8.7.4 Thruster-Assisted Moo...
68
8.7.5 Mooring Equipment
69
8.7.6 Tests
70
References
71
Chapter 9: Drilling and Production ...
73
9.1 Introduction
73
9.2 Drilling Risers
78
9.2.1 Design Philosophy and...
79
9.2.2 Influence of Metocean ...
79
9.2.3 Pipe Cross-Section
79
9.2.4 Configuration (Stack-Up)
82
9.2.5 Vortex-Induced Vib...
90
9.2.6 Disconnected Riser
94
9.2.7 Connected Riser
108
9.2.8 Emergency Disconnect...
121
9.2.9 Riser Recoil after EDS
130
9.3 Production Risers
132
9.3.1 Design Philosophy and ...
133
9.3.2 Top Tension Risers
143
9.3.3 Steel Catenary Risers ...
166
9.3.4 Diameter and Wall ...
181
9.3.5 SCR Maturity and Fea...
188
9.3.6 In-Service Load Comb...
190
9.3.7 Accidental and Temp...
192
9.4 Vortex Induced Vibration of ...
192
9.4.1 VIV Parameters
192
9.4.2 Simpli.ed VIV Analysis
193
9.4.3 Examples of VIV Anal...
196
9.4.4 Available Codes
196
9.5 VIV Suppression Devices
196
9.6 Riser Clashing
200
9.6.1 Clearance, Interference...
200
9.7 Fatigue Analysis
202
9.7.1 First- and Second-Ord...
206
9.7.2 Fatigue Due to Riser VIV
209
9.7.3 Fatigue Acceptance ...
212
9.8 Fracture Mechanics Assess...
213
9.8.1 Engineering Critical ...
214
9.8.2 Paris Law Fatigue ...
215
9.8.3 Acceptance Criteria
215
9.8.4 Other Factors To Con...
215
9.9 Reliability-Based Design
215
9.10 Design Veri.cation
217
9.11 Design Codes
218
Acknowledgement
219
References
219
Chapter 10: Topside Facilities ...
225
10.1 Introduction
225
10.2 General Layout Consider...
226
10.2.1 General Requirements
228
10.2.2 Deepwater Facility ...
229
10.2.3 Prevailing Wind Direc...
230
10.2.4 Fuel and Ignition Sou...
231
10.2.5 Control and Safety ...
233
10.2.6 Firewalls, Barrier ...
233
10.2.7 Fire Fighting Equipment
233
10.2.8 Process Flow
233
10.2.9 Maintenance of Equip...
234
10.2.10 Safe Work Areas ...
234
10.2.11 Storage
234
10.2.12 Ventilation
235
10.2.13 Escape Routes
236
10.3 Areas and Equipment
236
10.3.1 Wellhead Areas
236
10.3.2 Un.red Process Areas
236
10.3.3 Hydrocarbon Storage...
237
10.3.4 Fired Process Equip...
237
10.3.5 Machinery Areas
237
10.3.6 Quarters and Utility ...
238
10.3.7 Pipelines
238
10.3.8 Flares and Vents
238
10.4 Deck Impact Loads
239
10.5 Deck Placement and Conf...
240
10.5.1 Horizontal Placement ...
240
10.5.2 Vertical Placement of ...
240
10.5.3 Installation Consider...
241
10.5.4 Deck Installation Sch...
241
10.6 Floatover Deck Installation
243
10.7 Helideck
245
10.8 Platform Crane
247
10.9 Practical Limitations
247
10.10 Analysis of Two Example Layouts
247
10.11 Example North Sea Britannia Topside Facility
251
Chapter 11: Design and Construction...
255
11.1 Introduction
255
11.2 Design Basis
256
11.3 Route Selection and Marine...
257
11.4 Diameter Selection
257
11.4.1 Sizing Gas Lines
257
11.4.2 Sizing Oil Lines
259
11.5 Wall Thickness and Grade
259
11.5.1 Internal Pressure Con...
260
11.5.2 Collapse Due to Ext...
261
11.5.3 Local Buckling Due to...
263
11.5.4 Rational Model for ...
264
11.6 Buckle Propagation
269
11.7 Design Example
271
11.7.1 Preliminary Wall Thic...
272
11.7.2 Collapse Due to Ext...
274
11.7.3 Local Buckling Due to...
275
11.7.4 Buckle Propagation
275
11.8 On-Bottom Stability
276
11.8.1 Soil Friction Factor
277
11.8.2 Hydrodynamic Coef...
277
11.8.3 Hydrodynamic Force ...
278
11.8.4 Stability Criteria
278
11.9 Bottom Roughness Analysis
278
11.9.1 Allowable Span Leng...
280
11.9.2 Design Example
281
11.10 External Corrosion Protec...
281
11.10.1 Current Demand ...
282
11.10.2 Selection of Anode ...
283
11.10.3 Anode Mass Calcul...
283
11.10.4 Calculation of Num...
284
11.10.5 Design Example
284
11.11 Pipeline Crossing Design
285
11.12 Construction Feasibility
291
11.12.1 J -lay Installation ...
293
11.12.2 S-lay
296
11.12.3 Reel-lay
297
11.12.4 Towed Pipelines
297
Chapter 12: Design for Reliability: ...
303
12.1 Introduction
303
12.2 Recent Experiences of ...
303
12.2.1 Operator Malfunctions
306
12.2.2 Organisational Malf...
308
12.2.3 Structure, Hardware, ...
310
12.2.4 Procedure and Soft...
311
12.2.5 Environmental Influ...
312
12.3 Design Objectives: Life ...
312
12.3.1 Quality
312
12.3.2 Reliability
313
12.3.3 Minimum Costs
316
12.4 Approaches to Achieve ...
321
12.4.1 Proactive Approaches
322
12.4.2 Reactive Approaches
329
12.4.3 Interactive Approaches
332
12.5 Instruments to Help Ach...
337
12.5.1 Quality Management ...
337
12.5.2 System Risk Asses...
343
12.6 Example Applications
348
12.6.1 Minimum Structures
348
12.6.2 Deepwater Structure...
354
12.7 Summary and Conclusions
356
Chapter 13: Physical Modelling of ...
365
13.1 Introduction
365
13.1.1 History of Model Testing
366
13.1.2 Purpose of Physical ...
368
13.2 Modelling and Similarity Laws
368
13.2.1 Geometric Similitude
369
13.2.2 Kinematic Similitude
369
13.2.3 Hydrodynamic Similitude
369
13.2.4 Froude Model
371
13.2.5 Reynolds Model
371
13.2.6 Cauchy Model
378
13.3 Model Test Facilities
379
13.3.1 Physical Dimensions
380
13.3.2 Generation of Waves, ...
383
13.4 Modelling of Environment
383
13.4.1 Modelling of Waves
383
13.4.2 Unidirectional Random...
384
13.4.3 Multi-directional ...
384
13.4.4 White Noise Seas
385
13.4.5 Wave Grouping
386
13.4.6 Modelling of Wind
387
13.4.7 Modelling of Current
387
13.5 Model Calibration
390
13.5.1 Measurement of Mass...
391
13.6 Field and Laboratory Inst...
394
13.6.1 Type of Measurements
394
13.6.2 Calibration of Instr...
394
13.7 Pre-Tests with Model
397
13.7.1 Static Draft, Trim and...
397
13.7.2 Inclining Test
397
13.7.3 Mooring Stiffness Test
398
13.7.4 Free Oscillation Test
398
13.7.5 Towing Resistance Test
399
13.8 Moored Model Tests in ...
399
13.8.1 Regular Wave Tests
399
13.8.2 White Noise Test
400
13.8.3 Irregular Wave Tests
400
13.8.4 Second-Order Slow ...
400
13.9 Distorted Model Testing
401
13.9.1 Density Effects
401
13.9.2 Cable Modelling
401
13.9.3 Modelling of Mooring...
402
13.10 Ultra-deepwater Model ...
406
13.10.1 Ultra Small-scale ...
407
13.10.2 Field Testing
408
13.10.3 Truncated Model ...
410
13.10.4 Hybrid Testing
410
13.11 Data Acquisition and ...
414
13.11.1 Data Acquisition ...
414
13.11.2 Quality Assurance
414
13.11.3 Data Analysis
415
Chapter 14: Offshore Installation
419
14.1 Introduction
419
14.2 Fixed Platform Substructures
420
14.2.1 Types of Fixed ...
420
14.2.2 Jackets
420
14.2.3 Compliant Towers
423
14.2.4 Gravity Base Structures
425
14.3 Floating Structures
427
14.3.1 Types of Floating ...
427
14.3.2 Installation of FPSOs
429
14.3.3 Installation of Semi-...
429
14.3.4 Installation of Tension...
430
14.3.5 Spar Installation
434
14.4 Foundations
436
14.4.1 Types
436
14.4.2 Driven Piles
437
14.4.3 Drilled and Grouted Piles
438
14.4.4 Suction Embedded ...
440
14.4.5 Drag Embedded Anchors
442
14.5 Subsea Templates
443
14.5.1 Template Installation
443
14.5.2 Positioning and Mon...
444
14.5.3 Rigging Requirements
445
14.5.4 Existing Subsea Fac...
446
14.5.5 Seabed Preparation
446
14.6 Loadout
446
14.6.1 Loadout Methods
446
14.6.2 Constraints
449
14.6.3 Structural Analysis
450
14.7 Transportation
450
14.7.1 Configuration
450
14.7.2 Barges and Heavy Lift...
451
14.7.3 Design Criteria and ...
454
14.7.4 Transport Route
457
14.7.5 Motions and Stability
457
14.7.6 Seafastenings/Tie downs
459
14.7.7 Structural Analysis
459
14.7.8 Inundation/Slamming
460
14.8 Platform Installation Methods
461
14.8.1 Heavy Lift
461
14.8.2 Launch
462
14.8.3 Mating
463
14.8.4 Hook-up to Pre-Inst...
465
14.8.5 Heavy Lift Vessels
465
14.9 Platform Installation Criteria
469
14.9.1 Environmental Criteria
469
14.9.2 Heavy Lift
470
14.9.3 Launching
474
14.9.4 Unpiled Stability
474
14.9.5 Pile Installation
475
14.9.6 Deck Mating
476
14.9.7 Tension Leg Platforms
477
14.9.8 Spar
478
14.9.9 FPSO
478
14.10 Installation of Pipelines ...
480
14.10.1 Types of Subsea ...
480
14.10.2 Methods of Pipeline ...
480
14.10.3 Types of Risers
483
14.10.4 Methods of Riser ...
483
14.10.5 Vessel and Equip...
484
14.10.6 Analyses Required
485
Chapter 15: Materials for Offshore ...
491
15.1 Introduction
491
15.1.1 Factors Affecting ...
491
15.1.2 Classification of Mate...
492
15.2 Structural Steel
492
15.3 Topside Materials
494
15.3.1 Materials Applications
495
15.3.2 Materials for Sea...
496
15.3.3 Materials for Process ...
496
15.4 Material for HPHT Applications
497
15.4.1 Limitations of Mater...
497
15.5 Advanced Composite Materials
498
15.6 Elastomers
499
15.7 Corrosion Control
501
15.8 Material Reliability and ...
502
15.9 Fracture Control
502
Chapter 16: Geophysical and Geo...
509
16.1 Preface
509
16.2 Introduction
510
16.2.1 Regulations, Stand...
511
16.2.2 Desk Studies and ...
512
16.2.3 Specifications
512
16.2.4 Applications
513
16.3 Geophysical Techniques
516
16.3.1 General
516
16.3.2 High-Resolution Refle...
518
16.3.3 Sounders
520
16.3.4 Side-Scan Sonar
522
16.3.5 Sub-Bottom Pro.lers
524
16.3.6 Marine Magnetometer
527
16.3.7 Use of Data
528
16.4 Remote Geophysical Platforms
529
16.4.1 Remotely Operated ...
529
16.4.2 Autonomous Under...
529
16.5 Seabed Classi.cation Systems
530
16.6 Seismic Refraction Systems
531
16.7 Electrical Resistivity Systems
534
16.8 Underwater Cameras
535
16.9 Geotechnical Techniques
536
16.9.1 General
536
16.9.2 Vessels and Rigs
537
16.9.3 Methods of Drilling ...
543
16.9.4 Shallow Soil Samp...
552
16.9.5 Basic Gravity Corer
554
16.9.6 Kullenberg Device
556
16.9.7 Piston Corer
557
16.9.8 Abrams Corer
559
16.9.9 Vibrocorer
560
16.9.10 High Performance ...
562
16.9.11 Box Corers
563
16.9.12 Push-In Samplers
564
16.9.13 Grab Samplers
565
16.10 In situ Testing Systems
567
16.10.1 Cone Penetration ...
567
16.10.2 Minicones
573
16.10.3 The ROV CPT
574
16.10.4 Vane Test
576
16.10.5 T-Bar Test
578
16.10.6 Piezoprobe Test
580
16.10.7 Other In Situ Tests
581
16.11 Operational Considerations
582
16.11.1 Horizontal Control ...
582
16.11.2 Water Depth Meas...
583
16.11.3 Borehole Stability
585
16.11.4 Blowout Prevention
585
16.12 Industry Legislation, Reg...
585
16.13 Laboratory Testing
587
16.13.1 General
587
16.13.2 Conventional Labo...
588
16.13.3 Advanced Labora...
593
16.14 Offshore Foundation Design
601
16.14.1 Pile Design
601
16.14.2 Axial Pile Capacity
602
16.14.3 Axial Pile Response
612
16.14.4 Lateral Pile Capacity
615
16.14.5 Other Considerations
618
16.14.6 Pile Drivability ...
618
16.14.7 Supplementary Pile ...
623
16.15 Shallow Foundation Design
624
16.15.1 Bearing Capacity ...
624
16.15.2 Horizontal Sliding ...
625
16.15.3 Shallow Foundation ...
626
16.16 Spudcan Penetration ...
627
16.17 ASTM Standards
628
References
629
Index
633
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