Search and Find
Service
Front cover
1
DRUGS AND THE FUTURE
4
Copyright page
5
Table of contents
6
Contributors
8
Foreword Drugs and the Future
10
Introduction
12
Acknowledgements
14
Chapter 1. Drugs Futures 2025
16
Chapter 2. Foresight
22
1 INTRODUCTION
22
2 WHAT IS FORESIGHT?
22
3 WHAT APPROACH DID WE USE TO EXPLORE THE FUTURE OF DRUG USE?
23
4 WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?
25
Chapter 3. Neuroscience of Drugs and Addiction
26
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
27
2 INTRODUCTION
28
3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND ADDICTION
30
4 THE NEURAL SYSTEM BASIS OF REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: RELEVANCE TO NATURAL MOTIVATION AND DRUG ADDICTION
34
5 NEUROBIOLOGY OF RELAPSE
41
6 NEUROADAPTATIONS – INTRACELLULAR CASCADES
44
7 VULNERABILITY TO ADDICTION
47
8 HARMS CAUSED BY DRUGS OF ABUSE
55
9 DRUG ADDICTION: A SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
57
10 THE MIND/BRAIN INTERFACE: NEUROBEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS OF ADDICTION
60
11 FUTURE IMPLICATIONS: NEW DRUGS, THEIR IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT
66
Chapter 4. Genomics
104
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
104
2 GENES IN ACTION
106
3 GENETIC ANALYSIS
112
4 CURRENT STATE OF PLAY
120
5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH
129
6 THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEFINING GENETIC INFLUENCES IN DRUG USE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY
133
7 THE BRAIN SCIENCE, ADDICTION AND DRUGS PROJECT QUESTIONS
134
8 CONCLUSIONS
135
Chapter 5. Experimental Psychology and Research into Brain Science, Addiction and Drugs
148
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
148
2 INTRODUCTION
149
3 SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF DRUG ADDICTION
152
4 CURRENT PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES – EFFECTS AND HARMS
160
5 INTERVENTIONS AND MANAGEMENT
164
6 VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE – FUTURE CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS
167
7 CONCLUSIONS
173
Chapter 6. Pharmacology and Treatments
184
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
184
2 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF REVIEW
185
3 BACKGROUND
188
4 CURRENT PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
191
5 DRUG TREATMENTS FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
198
6 FUTURE PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
201
7 FUTURE THERAPEUTICS
203
8 CONTEXT OF FUTURE TREATMENTS
209
9 PROSPECTS
210
10 APPENDIX: ACRONYMS
223
Chapter 7. Psychological Treatments of Substance Misuse and Dependence
224
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
225
2 INTRODUCTION
225
3 WHERE ARE WE NOW? THE CURRENT EVIDENCE BASE ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
229
4 PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND DEPENDENCE: THE FUTURE?
239
5 WHAT WILL BE THE DRUGS OF THE FUTURE?
242
6 PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS OF THE FUTURE
244
7 PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN THE FUTURE?
248
8 CONCLUSIONS
249
Chapter 8. Cognition Enhancers
256
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
257
2 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF REVIEW
257
3 BACKGROUND
258
4 BASIS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
259
5 CURRENT COGNITION ENHANCERS
262
6 COGNITION ENHANCERS IN DEVELOPMENT
277
7 FUTURE COGNITION ENHANCERS
281
8 IMPLICATIONS
283
9 CONCLUSIONS
285
Chapter 9. Neuroimaging
300
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
301
2 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ADDICTION: DEFINING PHARMACOLOGY AND CRAVING
301
3 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN THE STUDY OF DRUG ADDICTION
307
4 FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING IN PRECLINICAL MODELS OF ADDICTION
312
5 MOLECULAR IMAGING AND THE ROLE OF PET
315
6 ADVANCES IN MRI/S TECHNOLOGY
317
7 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
321
8 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
323
Chapter 10. Drug Testing
330
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
330
2 INTRODUCTION
331
3 TEST MATRICES
332
4 ANALYTICAL METHODS
337
5 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
346
6 THE FUTURE OF DRUG TESTING
349
7 CONCLUSIONS
350
Chapter 11. Social Policy and Psychoactive Substances
352
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
352
2 OPTIONS FOR CONTROLLING PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
353
3 INSTRUMENTS AND MEANS OF GOVERNANCE AND CHANGE
363
4 POLICY IMPACT STUDIES
363
5 SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE
366
6 AN OPPORTUNITY FOR RESEARCH – AND FOR EVIDENCE-BASED POLICIES
369
Chapter 12. Sociology and Substance Use
374
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
374
2 INTRODUCTION
377
3 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE SUBSTANCE USE/MISUSE FIELD
377
4 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PREVALENCE OF SUBSTANCE USE AND MISUSE
380
5 INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG USE
389
6 TREATMENT
392
7 CONCLUSIONS
395
Chapter 13. Economics of Addiction and Drugs
404
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
404
2 INTRODUCTION
406
3 THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC THEORY
406
4 THE EMPIRICAL PICTURE
412
5 COST-EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SUBSTANCE MISUSE
417
6 PATTERNS OF DRUG ADOPTION
419
Chapter 14. Problem Gambling and Other Behavioural Addictions
432
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
432
2 INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTION
434
3 GAMBLING ADDICTION
436
4 ACCOUNTING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTION SUCH AS GAMBLING
439
5 AVAILABILITY OF TREATMENTS FOR BEHAVIOURAL ADDICTIONS
445
6 CONCLUSION: CURRENT SCIENCE CAPABILITY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS
447
Chapter 15. Ethical Aspects of Developments in Neuroscience and Drug Addiction
454
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
454
2 ETHICAL ISSUES OF POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: THE NEXT 20 YEARS?
455
3 VACCINATIONS AND DRUG MISUSE
456
4 GENETICS AND INDIVIDUALISED INFORMATION
463
5 NEURAL IMAGING
468
6 PERFORMANCE, COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENTS AND DRUG ADDICTION
469
7 CONCLUSIONS
472
Chapter 16. History and the Future of Psychoactive Substances
482
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
482
2 INTRODUCTION
483
3 WHAT WILL BE THE PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF THE FUTURE?
483
4 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF USING PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES?
490
5 WHAT MECHANISMS DO WE HAVE TO MANAGE THE USE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES?
492
6 CONCLUSIONS
496
Chapter 17. Life Histories and Narratives of Addiction
500
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
500
2 INTRODUCTION
502
3 NARRATIVE THEORY
503
4 CONCEPT OF ADDICTION
505
5 ADDICTION – ITS LITERARY DEPICTION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
506
6 ILLNESS NARRATIVES
507
7 ADDICTIONS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
512
8 WHAT KINDS OF INTERVENTION MIGHT BE SUCCESSFUL IN PREVENTING ADDICTION?
516
9 CONCLUSIONS
516
10 APPENDIX: SUMMARIES OF POST-1950S ADDICTION NARRATIVES CONSIDERED
519
Chapter 18. Drugs Futures 2025? Perspective of the Pharmaceutical Industry
522
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
522
2 INTRODUCTION
524
3 SURVEY RESULTS
529
4 APPENDIX: SURVEY MATERIAL
543
Chapter 19. The Scenarios
550
1 INTRODUCTION
551
2 SCENARIO PLANNING
551
3 OVERVIEW OF THE SCENARIOS
552
4 HIGH PERFORMANCE
555
5 NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH
561
6 DISPENSE WITH CARE
566
7 TREATED POSITIVELY
570
8 WORKING WITH THE SCENARIOS
575
9 APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY
577
Author Index
582
Subject Index
612
All prices incl. VAT