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Preface
5
Contents
6
1 Introduction
9
1.1 Definition of Three Basic Terms
9
1.2 Specialized Areas within Acoustics
11
1.3 About the History of Acoustics
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1.4 Relevant Quantities in Acoustics
13
1.5 Some Numerical Examples
14
1.6 Levels and Logarithmic Frequency Intervals
16
1.7 Double-Logarithmic Plots
18
2 Mechanic and Acoustic Oscillations
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2.1 Basic Elements of Linear, Oscillating, Mechanic Systems
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2.2 Parallel Mechanic Oscillators
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2.3 Free Oscillations of Parallel Mechanic Oscillators
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2.4 Forced Oscillation of Parallel Mechanic Oscillators
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2.5 Energies and Dissipation Losses
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2.6 Basic Elements of Linear, Oscillating, Acoustic Systems
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2.7 The Helmholtz Resonator
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3 Electromechanic and Electroacoustic Analogies
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3.1 The Electromechanic Analogies
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3.2 The Electroacoustic Analogy
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3.3 Levers and Transformers
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3.4 Rules for Deriving Analogous Electric Circuits
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3.5 Synopsis of Electric Analogies of Simple Oscillators
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3.6 Circuit Fidelity, Impedance Fidelity and Duality
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3.7 Examples of Mechanic and Acoustic Oscillators
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4 Electromechanic and Electroacoustic Transduction
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4.1 Electromechanic Couplers as Two- or Three-Port Elements
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4.2 The Carbon Microphone – A Controlled Coupler
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4.3 Fundamental Equations of Electroacoustic Transducers
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4.4 Reversibility
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4.5 Coupling of Electroacoustic Transducers to the Sound Field
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4.6 Pressure and Pressure-Gradient Receivers
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4.7 Further Directional Characteristics
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4.8 Absolute Calibration of Transducers
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5 Magnetic-Field Transducers
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5.1 The Magnetodynamic Transduction Principle
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5.2 Magnetodynamic Sound Emitters and Receivers
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5.3 The Electromagnetic Transduction Principle
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5.4 Electromagnetic Sound Emitters and Receivers
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5.5 The Magnetostrictive Transduction Principle
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5.6 Magnetostrictive Sound Transmitters and Receivers
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6 Electric-Field Transducers
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6.1 The Piezoelectric Transduction Principle
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6.2 Piezoelectric Sound Emitters and Receivers
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6.3 The Electrostrictive Transduction Principle
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6.4 Electrostrictive Sound Emitters and Receivers
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6.5 The Dielectric Transduction Principle
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6.6 Dielectric Sound Emitters and Receivers
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6.7 Further Transducer and Coupler Principles
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7 The Wave Equation in Fluids
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7.1 Derivation of the One-Dimensional Wave Equation
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7.2 Three-Dimensional Wave Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
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7.3 Solutions of the Wave Equation
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7.4 Field Impedance and Power Transport in Plane Waves
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7.5 Transmission-Line Equations and Re.ectance
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7.6 The Acoustic Measuring Tube
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8 Horns and Stepped Ducts
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8.1 Webster’s Differential Equation – the Horn Equation
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8.2 Conical Horns
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8.3 Exponential Horns
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8.4 Radiation Impedances and Sound Radiation
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8.5 Steps in the Area Function
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8.6 Stepped Ducts
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9 Spherical Sound Sources and Line Arrays
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9.1 Spherical Sound Sources of 0th Order
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9.2 Spherical Sound Sources of 1st Order
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9.3 Higher-Order Spherical Sound Sources
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9.4 Line Arrays of Monopoles
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9.5 Analogy to Fourier Transforms as Used in Signal Theory
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9.6 Directional Equivalence of Sound Emitters and Receivers
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10 Piston Membranes, Diffraction and Scattering
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10.1 The Rayleigh Integral
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10.2 Fraunhofer’s Approximation
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10.3 The Far Field of Piston Membranes
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10.4 The Near Field of Piston Membranes
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10.5 General Remarks on Diffraction and Scattering
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11 Dissipation, Re.ection, Refraction, and Absorption
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11.1 Dissipation During Sound Propagation in Air
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11.2 Sound Propagation in Porous Media
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11.3 Reflection and Refraction
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11.4 Wall Impedance and Degree of Absorption
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11.5 Porous Absorbers
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11.6 Resonance Absorbers
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12 Geometric Acoustics and Diffuse Sound Fields
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12.1 Mirror Sound Sources and Ray Tracing
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12.2 Flutter Echoes
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12.3 Impulse Responses of Rectangular Rooms
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12.4 Di.use Sound Fields
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12.5 Reverberation-Time Formulae
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12.6 Application of Diffuse Sound Fields
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13 Isolation of Air- and Structure-Borne Sound
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13.1 Sound in Solids – Structure-Borne Sound
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13.2 Radiation of Airborne Sound by Bending Waves
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13.3 Sound-Transmission Loss of Single-Leaf Walls
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13.4 Sound-Transmission Loss of Double-Leaf Walls
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13.5 The Weighted Sound-Reduction Index
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13.6 Isolation of Vibrations
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13.7 Isolation of Floors with Regard to Impact Sounds
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14 Noise Control – A Survey
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14.1 Origins of Noise
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14.2 Radiation of Noise
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14.3 Noise Reduction as a System Problem
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14.4 Noise Reduction at the Source
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14.5 Noise Reduction Along the Propagation Paths
203
14.6 Noise Reduction at the Receiver’s End
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15 Appendices
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15.1 Complex Notation for Sinusoidal Signals
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15.2 Complex Notation for Power and Intensity
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15.3 Supplementary Textbooks for Self Study
212
15.4 Letter Symbols, Notations and Units
213
Index
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