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Emerging Environmental Technologies
1
Preface
4
Contents
5
Contributors
6
1 Immobilization of Uranium in Groundwater Using Biofilms
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1.1 Introduction
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1.2 Remediation Technologies
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1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Remediation of Uranium
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1.2.2 Bioremediation of Uranium
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1.2.2.1 Uranium Bioimmobilization Mechanisms
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1.2.2.2 Bioremediation Principles: From the Laboratory to the Field
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1.2.2.3 Redox, Abiotic and Biotic Reactions
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1.3 Biofilms Immobilizing Uranium
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1.3.1 Definition of Biofilms
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1.3.2 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using Sulfate-Reducing Biofilms
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1.3.3 Uranium Immobilization Mechanisms Using DIRB Biofilms
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1.3.4 Biofilm Reactors for Studying Uranium Immobilization
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1.3.4.1 Flat Plate Reactor
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1.3.4.2 Fixed Bed Column Reactor
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1.3.5 Uranium Immobilization Using Biofilms Grown on Various Surfaces
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1.3.5.1 Biofilms Grown on Redox-Insensitive Surfaces
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1.4 Conclusion
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References
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2 Encapsulation of Potassium Permanganate Oxidant in Biodegradable Polymers to Develop a Novel Form of Controlled-Release Remediation
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2.1 Introduction
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2.2 Controlled Release Chemical Oxidation and Literature Review
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2.3 Experimental Discussion
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2.3.1 Materials
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2.3.2 Stability of KMnO4
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2.3.3 Release Studies for Encapsulated KMnO4
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2.3.3.1 Replacement Media Study
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2.3.3.2 Continuous Release Study
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2.3.4 Reaction with Trichloroethylene
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2.3.5 Potential Challenges for CRBP KMnO4 Remediation
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2.4 Future Considerations and Conclusion
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References
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3 Decontaminating Heavy Metals from Water Using Photosynthetic Microbes
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3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Membrane Transport of Heavy Metals
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3.3 Uptake and Assimilation of Sulfate
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3.4 Metallothioneins
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3.4.1 Class II Metallothioneins
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3.4.2 Class III Metallothioneins
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3.4.3 Labile and Non-labile Phases of Metals
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3.4.4 Sequestration and Compartmentalization of Phytochelatins
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3.4.5 Cellular Exportation of Phytochelatins
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3.5 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
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3.6 Genetic Transformation Studies
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3.7 Metal Sulfide Biotransformation
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3.7.1 Anaerobic Metal-Sulfide Production
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3.7.2 Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Biotransformation
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3.8 Metal Bioremediation
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3.8.1 Packed-Bed Bioreactor
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3.8.2 Other Metal Bioremediation Systems
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3.8.3 Potential Aerobic Metal-Sulfide Bioremediation
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3.9 Future Considerations
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References
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4 Noise: The Invisible Pollutant that Cannot Be Ignored
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4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Defining Sound and Noise
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4.3 Effects of Noise on Hearing
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4.4 Noise and Annoyance
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4.5 Effects of Noise on Physical Health and Well-Being
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4.6 Effects of Noise on Childrens Language, Cognition and Learning
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4.7 Noise and Sleep
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4.8 Mental and Social Effects of Noise
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4.9 Lessening the Noise: Legislation, Technology, and Education
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4.9.1 The Role of Legislation in Noise Mitigation
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4.9.2 The Role of Technology in Noise Mitigation
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4.9.2.1 Noise Mitigation at the Source
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4.9.2.2 Noise Mitigation Along the Path of Transmission
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4.9.2.3 Noise Mitigation at the Receiver
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4.10 Education
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4.11 Concluding Comments
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References
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5 Energy Production from Food Industry Wastewaters Using Bioelectrochemical Cells
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5.1 Introduction
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5.2 Materials and Methods
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5.2.1 Calculations to Determine Electricity Production Potential
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5.2.2 Calculations to Determine Hydrogen Production Potential
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5.2.3 MFC Application in a Dairy Industry -- an Experimental Study
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5.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Use
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5.2.5 Electrical and Analytical Measurements
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5.3 Results and Discussion
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5.3.1 Electricity Production Potential from Food Industry Wastewaters
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5.3.2 Hydrogen Production Potential From Food Industry Wastewaters
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5.3.3 Electricity Production from Dairy Wastewater
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5.3.4 Complex Organic Matter in Dairy Processing Wastewater
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5.3.5 Assessment of MFC/MEC Application for Food Industry Wastewater Treatment
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5.3.5.1 Deriving Energy from Complex Organic Matter
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5.3.5.2 Potential for Enabling Higher Power Densities and Practical Applications
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5.3.5.3 Potential for Water Reuse and Recycle
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5.4 Conclusions
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References
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6 Needle-Type Multi-Analyte MEMS Sensor Arrays for In Situ Measurements in Biofilms
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6.1 Introduction
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6.1.1 Industrial Applications of Biofilms
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6.1.2 Biofilms in Environmental Systems
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6.2 Needle-Type Microelectrode Array (MEA) Sensor
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6.2.1 Overview and Rationale
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6.2.2 MEA Fabrication
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6.2.3 ORP MEA Sensor
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6.2.4 DO MEA Sensor
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6.3 Phosphate MEA Sensor
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6.3.1 DO and ORP Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms
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6.3.2 Phosphate Microprofile Measurements in Biofilms
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6.4 Conclusions
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References
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7 Fundamentals and Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation for Contaminant Removal
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7.1 Introduction
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7.2 Cell Entrapment
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7.2.1 General Principles of Cell Entrapment
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7.2.2 Widely Used Cell Entrapment Matrices and Procedures
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7.2.2.1 Calcium Alginate
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7.2.2.2 Carrageenan
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7.2.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol
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7.2.2.4 Cellulose Triacetate
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7.2.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Entrapped Cells
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7.3 Applications of Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.1 Wastewater Treatment
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7.3.1.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.1.2 Carrageenan Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.1.4 Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.2 Site Remediation
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7.3.2.1 Calcium Alginate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.3.2.3 Carragenan and Cellulose Triacetate Entrapped Cell Bioaugmentation
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7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
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References
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8 Biofuels for Transport: Prospects and Challenges
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8.1 Introduction
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8.2 Biofuels: Processes and Technologies
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8.2.1 First Generation Biofuels
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8.2.1.1 Biofuels Produced by Chemical Conversion
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8.2.1.2 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion
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8.2.2 Second Generation Biofuels
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8.2.2.1 Biofuels Prepared by Chemical Conversion
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8.2.2.2 Biofuels Produced by Thermo-(Chemical) Conversion
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8.2.2.3 Biofuels Produced by Biological Conversion
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8.3 Engine Performance of Biofuels
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8.3.1 Diesel Engines Performance Using Biodiesel
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8.3.1.1 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance Properties
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8.3.1.2 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Biodiesel
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8.3.2 Spark Ignition Engines Performance Using Bioethanol
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8.3.2.1 Effect of Bioethanol on Diesel Engines Performance Properties
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8.3.2.2 Effect of Bioethanol on Spark Ignition Engines Performance Properties
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8.3.2.3 Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Bioethanol
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8.3.3 Effect of Ethers as Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engine Performance Properties
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8.4 Future Prospects and Challenges
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8.4.1 Future Prospects: 1st Vs 2nd Generation Biofuels
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8.4.1.1 Second Generation Biodiesel
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8.4.1.2 Second Generation Bioalcohols
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8.4.1.3 Biogas
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8.4.1.4 Biohydrogen
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8.4.1.5 Bio-SNG
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8.4.1.6 Synthetic Biofuels
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8.5 Conclusions
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References
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9 Floating Vegetated Mats for Improving Surface Water Quality
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9.1 Introduction
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9.1.1 Nitrogen
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9.1.2 Phosphorus
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9.1.3 Wastewater Lagoons
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9.2 Methods of Addressing Water and Wastewater Concerns
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9.2.1 Land Application
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9.2.2 Constructed Wetlands
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9.2.3 Hydroponics
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9.3 Floating Vegetated Mats
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9.3.1 Concept
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9.3.2 Water Improvement Processes
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9.3.3 Requirements for Successful Use of Floating Vegetated Mats
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9.3.4 Small Scale Study Using Secondary Stage Swine Lagoon Wastewater
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9.3.5 Floating Vegetated Mat Study on a Single Anaerobic Wastewater Lagoon at a Commercial Hog Farm
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9.3.6 New Research
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9.3.7 Research Needs
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9.4 Conclusions
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References
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Index
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