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Preface
5
Table of Contents
10
Market
16
Prospects for MST Sensors in Automotive Applications
18
1 Introduction
18
2 MST Sensor Applications
19
3 MST Sensor Markets
21
4 Conclusion
27
5 Acknowledgements
27
Future Architecture for Inertial Sensors in Cars
28
1 Automotive Gyros are likely to generate 600M$ Value in 2010
28
2 Accelerometers for Automotive Applications: a 320M$ Industry in 2010
30
3 A Path through the Automotive Inertial Measurement Unit?
32
4 Conclusions
34
Safety
36
Three-Dimensional CMOS Image Sensor for Pedestrian Protection and Collision Mitigation
38
1 Introduction
38
2 3D Sensor Technology
39
3 Road Safety Applications
44
4 Car Evaluation Results
47
5 Outlook
53
6 Acknowledgements
53
EVENT-ONLINE – A Service Concept for large scale Events based on FCD Technology
56
Advanced Pressure Sensors with high Flexibility for Side Crash Detection
60
1 Introduction
60
2 Side Impact Tests
61
3 Operational Principle
62
4 Special Pressure Sensors for Side Crash Detection
63
Detection of Road Users in Fused Sensor Data Streams for Collision Mitigation
68
1 Introduction
68
2 Sensor Configuration
69
3 Collision Mitigation Application
71
4 Perception System
71
5 Conclusion
78
6 Further Work
79
7 Acknowledgement
79
Dynamic Pass Prediction – A New Driver Assistance System for Superior and Safe Overtaking
82
1 Introduction
82
2 Map Database
84
3 Electronic Horizon and Most-Probable-Path
85
4 DPP Driving Dynamics
86
5 HMI, Visualization and Results from real Test Drives
89
6 Conclusion
91
Requirement Engineering for Active Safety Pedestrian Protection Systems based on Accident Research
94
1 Introduction
94
1 Accident Research
95
2 Assessment of Pedestrian Compatibility with VERPS+
101
3 Collision Speed Reduction of Different Brake Assist Strategies
110
4 Deriving Sensor Specification from Accident Data
116
5 Summary
119
Biologically Inspired Multi-Sensor Fusion for Adaptive Camera Stabilization in Driver-Assistance Systems
122
1 Introduction
122
2 Biological Analogy
123
3 General System Description
123
4 Experimental Evaluation under Laboratory Conditions
131
5 Verification in Road Trials
133
7 Conclusions
135
Low Speed Collision Avoidance System
138
1 Introduction
138
2 The Measurement System
138
3 Low Speed Collision Avoidance Application
139
4 Typical Traffic Scenes
141
5 Conclusion and Outlook
143
Laserscanner for Multiple Applications in Passenger Cars and Trucks
144
1 Introduction
144
2 ADAS Applications Overview
145
3 Environmental Robustness of the Laserscanner System
146
4 Vehicle Integration
147
5 Applications
148
6. Conclusion
155
A new Approach for Obstacle Detection Based on Dynamic Vehicle Behaviour
158
1 Introduction
158
2 Scope and Objectives
159
3 Related Work and Contribution
160
4 Obstacle Detection
161
5 Prototype
167
6 Evaluation
167
7 Conclusion
168
Far Infrared Detection Algorithms for Vulnerable Road Users Protection
170
1 Introduction
170
2 Scope and Practical Context
171
3 General Properties of Detection-by-Learning Schemes
174
4 Boosting Techniques
176
5 Support Vector Machines
181
6 Conclusion
182
iBolt Technology – A Weight Sensing System for Advanced Passenger Safety
186
1 Introduction
186
2 System Design
187
3 Working Principle
189
4 Influences of Lateral Forces and Moments
192
5 Seat Integration and Performance
194
6 Summary and Outlook
200
Object Classification exploiting High Level Maps of Intersections
202
1 Introduction
202
2 Sensor Configuration
203
3 Preprocessing and Tracking
204
4 Precise Ego-Localization using Precise Digital Maps
208
5 System Evaluation
215
6 Conclusions
217
Performance of a Time-of-Flight Range Camera for Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications
220
1 Introduction
220
2 Safety Applications and Sensor Requirements
221
3 Principles of Operation
226
4 Performance Characterization
229
5 Conclusions
233
Powertrain
236
Coordinated Cylinder Pressure Based Control for Reducing Diesel Emissions Dispersion
238
1 Introduction
238
2 Engine Application
240
3 Sensor Feasibility Study
240
4 Control Strategy Development
243
5 Control Strategy Implementation and Testing
247
6 Test Results
249
7 Conclusions
252
A High Temperature Floating Gate MOSFET Driver for on the Engine Injector Control
254
1 Introduction
254
2 System Overview
254
3 System Measurement
257
4 Conclusion
259
Comfort and HMI
262
Distributed Pressure Sensor Based on Electroactive Materials for Automotive Application
264
1 Introduction
264
2 Sensor Construction: Experimental
267
3 Results and Discussion
268
4 Conclusion
273
5 Acknowledgements
273
Intelligent Infrared Comfort Sensors for the Automotive Environment
276
1 Introduction
276
2 Automotive Comfort Sensing Application with Infrared Thermometers
277
3 Automotive Comfort Sensing Requirements on Infrared Sensors
279
4 Automotive Comfort Sensing Solutions
279
5 Possibilities of Infrared Arrays in Automotive Comfort Sensing
285
6 Practical Aspects of Automotive Comfort Sensing
285
7 Safety Applications
289
8 Conclusion
294
Gesture Recognition Using Novel Efficient and Robust 3D Image Processing
296
1 Introduction
296
2 The Proposed Gesture Recognition System
298
3 Experiments
305
4 Conclusions
306
Network of Excellence HUMANIST - Human Centred Design for Information Society Technologies INRETS & ERT
310
1 Introduction
310
2 Context
311
3 Joint Research Activities
312
4 Integration
315
Networked Vehicle
320
High Speed 1Gbit/s Video Transmission with Fiber Optic Technology
322
1 Introduction
323
2 Fiber Optic Transceivers
325
3 Transmission Performance
329
4 Optical Video Link
331
5 Conclusion
332
Components and Generic Sensor Technologies
336
Integrated Giant Magneto Resistors – a new Sensor Technology for Automotive Applications
338
1 Introduction
338
2 The GMR Effect
339
3 GMR Spin Valve System for Sensor Application
341
4. Technology
346
5 Incremental Position Sensors
349
6 Angular Sensors
352
7 Conclusion
356
Simulating Microsystems in the Context of an Automotive Drive Application
358
1 Introduction
358
2 System Modeling
359
3 Simulation Results and Conclusion
365
Miniaturized Wireless Sensors for Automotive Applications
368
1 Introduction
368
2 Requirements
369
3 Selecting Components
371
4 Integration Technology Selection
376
5 Prototypes
380
6 Conclusion and Future Work
381
7 Acknowledgements
381
3D-MID – Multifunctional Packages for Sensors in Automotive Applications
384
1 MID Technology Overview
384
2 Advantages of MID Technology for Automotive Applications
384
3 Examples of MID Sensor Packages in Automotive Applications
387
4 Qualification Status
389
PReVENT
392
Towards the Automotive HMI of the Future: Mid-Term Results of the AIDE Project
394
1 Introduction
394
2 Project Structure
397
3 Review of Mid-Term Results
398
4 Discussion: Towards the Future Automotive HMI
414
Accidentology as a Basis for Requirements and System Architecture of Preventive Safety Applications
422
1 Introduction and Background
422
2 From Accident Scenarios to Requirements
424
From Requirements to System Architectures for Preventive Safety Functions
427
4 Towards an Integrated Preventive Safety
434
5 Conclusions and Discussion
437
ADAS Horizon – How Digital Maps can contribute to Road Safety
442
1 Introduction
442
2 Functional Architecture
444
3 Functional Structure on Application Side of ADAS-Interface
445
4 First Test Results
450
Intersection Safety – the EC Project INTERSAFE
452
1 Introduction
453
2 Object Detection, Tracking and Classification
454
3 Localisation of the Host Vehicle
456
4 Functionality in the Test Vehicle
458
5 Scenario Interpretation
458
6 Risk Assessment
460
7 Warning/HMI
461
8 Conclusions
462
9 Acknowledgement
463
ProFusion2 – towards a Modular, Robust and Reliable Fusion Architecture for Automotive Environment Perception
466
1 Introduction
466
2 The Fusion Architecture
467
3 Conclusion
482
4 Acknowledgement
482
Integrating Lateral and Longitudinal Active and Preventive Safety Functions
486
1 Introduction
486
2 INSAFES System Design Layers
488
3 PReVENT Functions as a Starting Point of INSAFES
489
4 INSAFES Functions
491
5 Conclusions
498
Lane Detection for a Situation Adaptive Lane keeping Support System, the SAFELANE System
500
1 Introduction
500
2 System Components
501
3 System Requirements and Specification
501
4 Main Lane Recognition
502
5 Neighbour Lane Recognition
510
6 Lane Marking Classification
511
7 Object Mask Generation
513
8 Use of Digital Map Data
514
9 Conclusions
514
10 Acknowledgements
515
Appendix A List of Contributors
517
Appendix B List of Keywords
524
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