Search and Find
Service
Preface
5
Table of Contents
9
Part 1 Fundamentals
16
1 Fundamentals of E-commerce
17
1.1 The Origin and Development of E-commerce
18
1.1.1 The Origin and Development of E-commerce
18
1.1.2 The Definitions of E-commerce
21
1.1.3 E-commerce in China
23
1. E-commerce based on EDI (1990 1993)
24
2. “Three Golden Projects” carried out by governments in 1993 1997 establish, the foundation of e-commerce
24
3. E-commerce based on Internet since 1998
25
4. The pragmatic development phase in 2000
25
1.2 Influence of Related Basic Sciences on E-commerce
28
1.2.1 Influence of Mathematics on E-commerce
29
1. Probability model
29
2. Queuing theory model
30
3. Nonlinear dynamic model
31
4. Graph theory model
32
1.2.2 The Impact of Computer Science Upon the E-commerce
34
1.2.3 Impact of Communications Science upon the E-commerce
35
1.2.4 The Impact of Management Science upon E-commerce
37
1.3 Categories of the E-commerce
38
1.3.1 B2B
39
1. Volume of business transaction of B2B takes up the majority of the total trading volume in e-commerce
39
2. The B2B e-commerce companies hold an advantage in lowering operation cost
40
3. B2B e-commerce companies are more suitable for modern logistics management
40
4. B2B e-commerce companies are competitive in guaranteeing credit and capital security during operation course
40
5. E-commerce of B2B is more mature in both theory and practice
40
1.3.2 B2C
41
1. Online subscription categories
42
2. Advertisements-supported categories
43
3. Online donation categories
43
1.3.3 B2G
44
1.3.4 G2G
46
1. Government procurement
49
2. The electronic taxation
49
1.3.5 C2C
50
1.4 The Constitution of the E-commerce
53
1.4.1 Portal of the Network
53
1.4.2 Customer Relationship Management
56
Client Intelligence (CI)
57
1.4.3 Supply Chain Management
59
1. SCM Pattern
60
2. Functions of SCM
61
3. Components of SCM
61
1.4.4 Logistic Management
62
1.4.5 Decision Support
65
1.5 Supporting Environments for E-commerce
69
1.5.1 Technical Environment
69
1. Internet infrastructure
70
2. Multimedia and online publication
70
3. Newspapers and information communication infrastructure
70
4. Commercial service infrastructure
70
5. Public policies, laws and privacy
70
6. Technology standard
71
1.5.2 Legal Environment
71
1. Legal problems in e-commerce contracts
72
2. Legal protection on e-commerce transaction
72
3. Problems in the electronicization of banks
72
1.5.3 Credit Environment
73
1. Pattern of market operation and legislation guide
73
2. Pattern of government-driven and direct supervision
74
1.5.4 Financial Environment
76
1. Financial service in e-commerce era
77
2. Online financial services
78
1.6 M-commerce
79
1.6.1 The Origin of M-commerce
79
1.6.2 M-commerce Components
81
1.6.3 The Development of M-commerce
83
1.6.4 The Application of M-commerce
85
1.7 Summary
87
References
88
Part 2 Technology
91
2 E-commerce Supporting Technologies
92
2.1 E-commerce Fundamental Technology
93
2.1.1 Web Technology
93
2.1.2 HTML
94
2.1.3 XML
94
2.1.4 Java
96
1. Platform-independent
96
2. Security
97
3. Object-oriented
97
4. Distributed
97
5. Robust
97
2.2 Computer Communication Technology
98
2.2.1 TCP/IP Protocols
98
2.2.2 HTTP Communication Protocol
99
2.2.3 EDI Communication Protocol
101
2.2.4 WAP Communication Protocol
104
2.2.5 WLAN Protocol
107
1. IEEE 802.11X
108
2. HIPERLAN
110
3. HomeRF
110
4. WLAN standards in China
111
2.2.6 Bluetooth Protocol
111
2.3 Information Processing Technologies in E-commerce
115
2.3.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
115
1. Pseudo-range difference
118
2. Carrier phase difference
118
2.3.2 Geographical Information System (GIS)
118
1. GIS vs. general database
119
2. GIS vs. digital map
119
2.3.3 Decision Supporting System (DSS)
119
2.3.4 Group Decision Supporting System (GDSS)
122
2.3.5 Intelligent Decision Supporting System (IDSS)
124
2.4 Summary
125
References
126
3 Payment Technologies for E-commerce
128
3.1 Online Bank
129
3.1.1 The Development of Online Banks
129
3.1.2 The Function of Online Bank
132
1. Commercial banking business
132
2. Online payment
133
3. New business domain
133
3.1.3 Online Banking Technologies
133
3.2 E-payment Tools
136
3.2.1 E-payment System
136
3.2.2 Intelligent Card
137
3.2.3 E-check
139
3.2.4 E-wallet
140
3.2.5 E-cash
143
3.3 Summary
145
References
145
4 Security Technologies in E-commerce
148
4.1 Introduction to Security Problems in E-commerce
148
4.2 Reliability of E-commerce System
150
4.3 Data Encryption Technology
152
4.3.1 Symmetric Encryption System
153
4.3.2 Public Key Encryption Algorithm
155
4.3.3 Mixed Encryption Technology
156
4.4 Digital Signature
157
4.4.1 Sign the Document with Public Key Algorithm
157
4.4.2 Signature with One-way Hash Function and Public Key System
158
4.5 Authentication Technology
159
4.5.1 Digital Authentication Technology
159
4.5.2 Biological Verification Technology
160
1. Fingerprint Authentication
160
2. Iris Authentication
160
3. Face Authentication
161
4. Hand Shape Authentication
161
5. Palmprint Authentication
161
6. Gait Authentication
162
7. Manual Signature Authentication
162
8. Voice Authentication
163
9. Comparison of biological Authentication technology
163
4.6 Firewall Technology
163
4.6.1 Introduction to Firewall
163
4.6.2 Functions of the Firewall
164
1. Defending function
164
2. Security characteristic
165
3. Management function
165
4. Record and report
166
4.6.3 Categories of Firewall
166
1. Packet filtering firewall
166
2. Application proxy firewall
167
3. Hybrid firewall
167
4.7 Intrusion Detection Technology
168
4.7.1 Introduction to Intrusion Detection
168
4.7.2 Intrusion Detection Method
170
1. Technical classification
170
2. Commonly used detection methods
171
4.8 Secure Payment Technology
172
4.8.1 SSL Protocol
172
4.8.2 SET Protocol
176
4.9 Summary
179
References
179
Part 3 Management
182
5 E-commerce and the Law
183
5.1 Legal Problems in E-contract
184
1. True intentions
184
2. The offer and acceptance in e-contracts
184
3. The entry-in-force of the acceptance in e-contracts
185
4. The signature
185
5. Paperwork problem
186
6. The evidence effect of e-commerce documents
186
7. Proof of computer records
187
8. The admissibility of evidence in e-commerce
187
9. The submission of originals
187
5.2 Legal Problems in E-banks
188
1. Elements of electronic fund transfer
188
2. Procedures in electronic fund transfer
189
3. Problems of safety brought by computer crimes
190
4. The issuance and management of e-currency
190
5. The unity of Certification Authority (CA) and payment gateway
190
5.3 The legal Problems in the Electronic Fund Transfer
191
The definition of the subjects in the electronic fund transfer
191
5.4 The Intellectual Property Protection in the E-commerce
192
5.4.1 Legal Problems Brought forth by Domain Names
192
1. The legal conflict between domain names and name rights
193
2. The legal conflict between domain names and enterprise name rights
193
3. The legal conflict between domain names and trademark rights
194
4. The conflict between domain names and other domain name rights
195
5.4.2 The Coordination of the Conflicts Between Domain Names and Intellectual Property
195
1. Define the legal status of domain names
195
2. Establish the communication and coordination channel between the domain name registration mechanism and the legal system of intellectual property protection
195
3. Proposals concerning domain names by the international community
196
5.4.3 WIPO's Coordination About the Conflicts Between Domain Names and Intellectual Property
197
1. Measures to avoid domain name conflicting in the registration phase
197
2. Measure taken towards inaccurate and insecure information
197
3. Measures concerning uniqueness
197
4. A globally unified mechanism to solve domain name conflicts
198
5. Protection of famous and well-known trademarks
198
5.4.4 Copyright Issues in E-commerce
198
1. Conflicts between services in e-commerce and traditional copyright
199
2. Online bookstores and copyright
199
3. Copyright protection of databases
199
4. Current status of database protection in the US
200
5.5 Legal Problems of E-commerce Security
200
5.5.1 Security Problems in E-commerce
200
1. Security elements in e-commerce
200
2. General situation of e-commerce security legislation
201
3. Current status of e-commerce security legislation in China
201
5.5.2 Legal Systems Concerning the E-commerce Security
201
5.5.3 Legal Responsibilities for the Violation of E-commerce Security Laws
203
1. Administrative penalty
203
2. Administrative responsibilities for the violation of e-commerce security systems
203
5.6 Consumer Rights Protection in E-commerce
203
5.6.1 Impacts of E-commerce on Consumers
203
1. The change of roles of consumers promoted by network
204
2. New legal problems of consumer protection initiated by e-commerce
204
3. Problems about e-commerce websites
204
4. Responsibility cognizance
204
5. Responsibility investigation
205
6. Jurisdiction problem
205
5.6.2 E-commerce and Consumer Privacy Protection
205
1. Main contents of consumer privacy protection
206
2. Legal strategies to protect consumer privacy by all countries and international organizations
206
3. Problems to be discussed: the balance between privacy protection and the benefits of e-commerce operators
207
4. Strategies to protect online consumers rights by all countries and international organizations
207
5.7 Legal Liability in E-commerce
207
5.7.1 Civil Liability in E-commerce
207
1. Concept of civil liability in e-commerce
207
2. Contract liability in e-commerce
209
3. Tort liability principle in e-commerce
209
4. Torts of violation of e-commerce laws
209
5. Several major torts in violation of personal privacy
210
6. Tort liability forms in e-commerce
211
5.7.2 Administrative Liability in E-commerce
211
1. Administrative liability in e-commerce
211
2. Administrative liability about intellectual property involved in e-commerce
212
3. Administrative liability about copyright involved in e-commerce
212
4. Administrative liability about customer rights protection in e-commerce
212
5.7.3 Criminal Responsibility in E-commerce
213
1. Phenomena and features of crimes in e-commerce
213
2. Crimes and criminal responsibilities in e-commerce
213
3. Problems and challenges in the application of criminal laws
214
4. Blind area of current criminal law
214
5.8 Brief Introduction to the "Electronic Signature Law of the PRC"
215
5.9 Summary
217
References
217
6 E-commerce and Tax
219
6.1 An Outline of Tax in E-commerce
220
1. The categorization of traditional tax revenue
220
2. The concept of tax jurisdiction
220
6.2 Features of E-commerce Tax
222
6.3 Problems in E-commerce Tax
223
1. Problems concerning international tax distribution and domestic tax revenue
223
2. Restatement about the taxation
224
3. Taxation Jurisdiction
226
4. Common matters in domestic e-commerce
227
6.4 E-commerce and Tax Administration
230
6.5 Strategies in E-commerce Taxation
232
1. The scholars’ perspective: open new taxes. New taxes proposed include bit tax and Tobin tax
232
2. The US perspective
232
3. Solution to e-commerce taxation by OECD
234
4. Canada
234
5. Method of EU to solve the problem of e-commerce taxation
237
6. Strategies of ECTSG
237
7. Strategies of developing countries
237
8. The strategy of e-commerce taxation in our country
237
6.6 Summary
239
References
239
7 Network Enterprise Management
240
7.1 Overview of Network Enterprises
241
7.1.1 Background and Basic Characteristics of Network Enterprises
241
7.1.2 Knowledge Management
242
7.1.3 Virtual Enterprise
249
7.2 Supply Chain Management of Network Enterprises
252
7.2.1 Overview of Supply Chain Management
252
7.2.2 Construction of Supply Chain Management
253
7.2.3 Cooperation Management of Supply Chain
255
7.3 Logistics Management of Network Enterprise
257
7.3.1 Logistics Management Overview
257
7.3.2 Environmental Logistics
262
7.3.3 The Third Party Logistics
267
7.4 Human Resources Management of Network Enterprise
272
7.4.1 Overview of Human Resources Management
272
7.4.2 Realization of Human Resources Management
275
1. Integrality and integration
276
2. Easy to use
276
3. Network function and self-service
276
4. Open
277
5. Flexibility
277
6. Intelligentization
277
7. Powerful report forms/graph output function
277
8. System security
277
7.5 Summary
279
References
279
Part 4 Practice
281
8 E-commerce Architecture and System Design
282
8.1 E-commerce Architecture
283
8.1.1 Infrastructure
283
8.1.2 Data Flow of Infrastructure
284
8.1.3 Process Control of Infrastructure
286
1. A sends a business request to C
286
2. C accepts A’s Request, and prepares to start agent to search the appropriate entity B
287
3. C sends a response to A, and starts an agent to search the appropriate entity B at the same time
288
4. Start payment process
289
8.1.4 Optimizing Method of Infrastructure
290
1. Reachability
290
2. Boundedness
291
3. Conservativeness
291
4. Activity
292
5. Resumption
292
6. Common optimizing models
292
8.1.5 Event Process Control of Infrastructure
293
1. Sequential relation
293
2. Conflict relation
293
3. Collision relation
293
4. Concurrent relation
294
8.2 E-commerce Security System
295
1. OSI security architecture
295
2. E-commerce security factor
296
8.3 E-commerce Payment System
299
8.3.1 E-commerce and Online Payment
299
8.3.2 Data Flow and Process Control of Payment System
300
1. Cardholder register and apply
300
2. Purchase request
301
3. Handling of the request information by the seller
303
4. Receiving the purchase response by the cardholder
303
5. Getting Payment
304
8.4 Architecture and Design Method of E-commerce Application System Software
305
8.4.1 Architecture of E-commerce Application System Software
305
1. Basic system model
306
2. Software architecture
307
8.4.2 Design Method of Application E-commerce System
309
1. Client
310
2. Web application server
311
3. Infrastructure service
312
8.5 Summary
312
References
312
9 Portal Site Design of Virtual Enterprise
315
9.1 E-commerce and Portal Site
316
9.1.1 Concept of Portal Site
316
9.1.2 Meaning of Portal Site
316
1. Upgrade enterprises’ image
316
2. Make enterprises acquire network-communicating capability
316
3. Can introduce corporation and its products in detail
316
4. Can tie up with customers
316
5. Can build business relation with potential customers
317
6. Can reduce communication cost
317
7. Can receive customers feedback in time
317
8. Can make corporation serve customers better
317
9.2 Online Virtual Shop
317
9.2.1 Virtual Shop Mode
317
9.2.2 Virtual Shop Design
318
9.2.3 Implementation of Virtual Shop
319
9.3 Design Method of Product Catalog
320
9.3.1 Product Information Storage
320
1. Organization of information
320
2. Information grouping
320
3. Structure of product information database
321
4. Relation among tables
321
9.3.2 Product Information Inquiry Function
322
1. Design principle
322
2. Inquiry Example
322
9.4 Design of Online Shopping Cart
323
9.4.1 Online Shopping Cart and Implementation Technology
323
1. Definitions and analysis of online shopping cart
323
2. Implementation technology of online shopping cart
323
9.4.2 Database of Online Shopping Cart and Actual Implementation Policy
324
1. Design ideology of online shopping cart based on database technology
324
2. Implementation of online shopping cart based on database technology
325
9.5 Processing of Electronic Order
327
9.5.1 Processing Flow of Order
327
1. Order data input
328
2. Checking out and confirmation of order data
328
3. Storage distribution
328
4. Order form data processing output
330
9.5.2 Gathering the Payment Online
330
1. Payment gateway technology
330
2. Validation of credit card
332
9.6 Search and Inquiry of Website
332
9.6.1 Application of Advanced SQL
332
1. Grouping result function
332
2. Embedded inquiry
334
3. Defined variables in SQL*Plus
334
9.6.2 Optimizing Database Inquiry
335
1. Classification of optimization
335
2. Optimization skill
336
9.7 Customer Service in E-commerce Time
337
9.7.1 Component Technology and Build Method of Call Center
337
1. Key technology of call center
337
2. Construction solution to call center
338
9.7.2 Application of Electronic Mail List
339
1. Effect of electronic mail list on enterprise
339
2. Website
340
3. Stock information
340
4. News release
340
5. Organizations and club
340
6. Mail order service
340
9.8 Release Technology of Web Database
341
9.9 Summary
344
References
344
10 Computer System Integration and E-commerce
347
10.1 Overview of System Integration
348
10.1.1 Production and Development of System Integration
348
10.1.2 Principle of System Integration
350
10.2 Hardware System Integration of E-commerce
351
10.2.1 Integration of Server
351
1. Method of server integration
351
2. Integration of server
353
3. Integration of high performance server
355
10.2.2 Integration of Communication Network
357
1. Integration of LAN
357
2. WAN integration
359
3. Integration of high speed network
360
10.3 Integration of E-commerce Application System Software
363
10.3.1 Integration Mode of E-commerce Application System Software
363
1. Synchronous replication
363
2. Asynchronous replication
364
3. Brokering Application
366
4. Application-to-application B2B
367
10.3.2 Integration of Protocols
371
1. Security protocol of Internet
371
2. Main secure protocol of Internet—SSL security protocol
372
3. The second main security protocol of Internet—SET security protocol
373
4. Secure Hyper Text Transmission Protocol (SHTTP)
373
5. Secure Transaction Technology (STT)
374
6. UN/EDIFACT standard
374
10.3.3 Application System Software Environment Integration
375
1. Integration based on C/S
375
2. Integration based on B/S
376
3. Integration based on distributed three-layer model
379
10.4 Summary
381
References
381
Part 5 E-commerce Application
384
11 E-commerce and International Trade
385
11.1 E-commerce and International Trade
386
11.1.1 The International Trade Calls for the Emergence of E-commerce
386
11.1.2 E-commerce Promotes the Development of the International Trade
390
11.1.3 E-commerce Brings about Changes to the International Trade
392
11.2 Applying E-commerce to International Trade
393
11.2.1 Using E-commerce Technology to Obtain Commercial Information
394
11.2.2 Using E-commerce in the Business Negotiation
395
1. Applications in preparing goods
395
2. Applications in inspection
395
3. Applications in the delivery
396
4. Applications in the covering insurance and customs declaration
396
5. Applications in obtaining export licenses
396
6. Applications in export rebates
396
7. Applications in export paperwork
396
11.2.3 Application in the Technology and Service Trade
397
1. Applications in the international technology trade
397
2. Application in the international service trade
397
3. Applications in international financial trade
398
4. Applications in international tourism
399
11.3 E-commerce and International Trade Network Marketing
399
11.3.1 The Foundation of Internet Marketing
400
11.3.2 Network Marketing Tool
401
1. E-mail
401
2. Search engine
402
3. Log File
403
4. Mail List
404
11.3.3 Network Marketing Technology
406
1. The stage of understanding Internet
406
2. Network marketing stage
407
11.4 Designing an International Trade E-commerce System
409
11.4.1 The International Trade Business Analysis
409
11.4.2 Frame of international Trade E-commerce System
412
11.4.3 International Trade E-commerce System Design
414
11.4.4 EDI-based International Trade E-commerce System
415
11.5 Summary
417
References
418
12 Network Application Psychology
419
12.1 Introduction to Network Application Psychology
420
1. Comment of philosophy on psychology
420
2. Localization of application psychology
421
12.1.1 Appearance of Network Application Psychology
423
12.1.2 Research Content of Network Application psychology
424
1. Network society and psychology
424
2. Network and psychology
425
3. Construction of network application psychology
426
12.1.3 Significance of Network Application psychology
426
1. Attention should be paid to the importance of network application psychology
426
2. Significance of network application psychology research
427
12.2 Network Interaction Psychology
430
12.2.1 Network Interaction
430
1. Content of network interaction
430
2. Form of network interaction
430
3. Characteristics of network interaction
432
4. Form of network interaction in realistic society
433
12.2.2 The Appearance and Analysis of Network Interaction Psychology
437
1. The need of acquiring information, help and study
437
2. The need of Emotional Interaction and mental communication
440
12.2.3 The Effect of Network Interaction Psychology
442
1. The network interaction speeds up the development of the network
442
2. Fun with the network interaction
443
3. Network interaction—coexistence of happiness and unhappiness
444
4. New campus fashion: online moral education
445
12.3 Network Application Psychology
447
12.3.1 Psychology Characteristic of Network Application
447
1. Psychology problem in network
447
12.3.2 Analysis on Psychology Characteristic of Network Application
450
1. Concepts of Internet addiction
451
2. Measurement tools of Internet addiction
452
3. The advantages and disadvantages of investigative methods of Internet addiction
453
4. Academic model of Internet addiction
454
12.4 Network Management Psychology
456
12.4.1 General Psychology of Network Management
456
1. General psychology of online game management
456
2. Trend of human-computer interaction
456
3. The psychological momentum of the human-human interaction pattern
457
4. The demand psychology of network information service user
459
5. The defense psychology of the network information services users
461
12.4.2 Behavior Psychology of Network Management
461
1. Online discussion
461
2. Synchronous space psychology
463
12.5 Summary
463
References
464
13 E-commerce Case Analysis
468
13.1 Methods of E-commerce Analysis
469
13.1.1 Methods of the Evaluation and Analysis of E-commerce Websites
469
13.1.2 Method of E-commerce Case analysis
477
1. PEST analysis (general environment analysis)
477
2. Competition factor analysis
477
3. BCG Matrix and Value Chain Analysis
478
4. SWOT Analysis
478
5. Three ways to analyze competitiveness
479
6. Model analysis of five forces
480
13.2 Case Study
481
13.2.1 Case Study of China's Agricultural Products E-commerce
481
13.2.2 Case Analysis of E-commerce Supply Chain Management
485
Present situation of supply chain management in Shanghai bell corporation
487
13.2.3 Case Analysis of E-commerce in Commodities Circulation Areas
491
1. Individual (consumers)
491
2. Enterprise (Group)
492
3. Case of online shopping
501
13.2.4 Case Study of E-commerce in the Financial Industry
503
13.2.5 Case Analysis of E-commerce in Petrochemical Industry
519
13.3 Summary
525
References
525
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