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Contents
6
Preface: how to use this book
10
1 Introduction – linguistic and other approaches to language
12
1.1 Orientation
12
1.2 Demonstration/discussion
19
1.3 Problems and challenges
24
1.4 Practice
28
2 Phonetics and phonology – the sounds of speech
32
2.1 Orientation
32
2.2 Demonstration/discussion
41
2.3 Problems and challenges
45
2.4 Practice
48
3 Morphology and word-formation – the structure of the word
50
3.1 Orientation
50
3.2 Demonstration/discussion: The major word formation strategies of present-day English
55
3.3 Problems and challenges
61
3.4 Practice
65
4 Syntax I/general principles – the structure of the clause
68
4.1 Orientation
68
4.2 Demonstration/ discussion
74
4.3 Problems and challenges
79
4.4 Practice
82
5 Syntax II/the fundamentals of English grammar
84
5.1Orientation
84
5.2 Demonstration/ discussion
90
5.3 Problems and challenges
92
5.4 Practice
96
6 Semantics and lexicology – the meaning of words
100
6.1 Orientation
100
6.2 Demonstration/discussion
105
6.3 Problems and challenges
110
6.4 Practice
115
7 Pragmatics and discourse analysis
120
7.1 Orientation
120
7.2 Demonstration/discussion
130
7.3 Problems and challenges
132
7.4 Practice
136
8 Applied linguistics, language teaching and translation studies
138
8.1 Orientation
138
8.2 Demonstration/discussion
139
8.3 Problems and challenges
145
8.4 Practice
149
9 A pluricentric language – standard Englishes around the world
152
9.1Orientation
152
9.2 Demonstration/ discussion
156
9.3 Problems and challenges
162
9.4 Practice
168
10 Dialectology – regional variation in English
170
10.1Orientation
170
10.2 Demonstration/discussion
171
10.3 Problems and challenges
176
10.4 Practice
178
11 Language in the city – social and ethnic variation, multilingualism
182
11.1 Orientation
182
11.2 Demonstration/discussion
183
11.3 Problems and challenges
187
11.4 Practice
194
12 Language change and the history of English
198
12.1 Orientation
198
12.2 Demonstration/discussion
206
12.3 Problems and challenges
210
12.4 Practice
214
13 Past masters, current trends – theorising linguistics for students of English
218
13.1 Orientation
218
13.2 Demonstration/discussion
219
13.3 Problems and challenges
228
13.4 Practice
231
14 Linguistics and the public – language myths, language politics, language planning and language rights
234
14.1 Orientation
234
14.2 Demonstration/ discussion
238
14.3 Problems and challenges
240
14.4 Practice
248
Glossary
252
Glossary of linguistic terms
252
Index
270
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