Peace Psychology in Asia

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Part I Introduction to Peace Psychology in Asia

Overview of Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice,and Teaching

Peace Psychology in Asia: Research, Practice, and Teaching

The Nature of Peace Psychology in Asia

Embeddedness of Peace and Violence in Macro-layers

Interconnectedness of Direct and Structural Peace

Studying Subjectivities in Macro-human Phenomena

Concluding Remarks: Institutionalizing Peace Psychology in Asian Academic Settings

References

Culture, Social Representations, and Peacemaking: A Symbolic Theory of History and Identity

Symbolic Representations of Culture

History as an Essential Ingredient in the Imagined Community of Nationhood

Four Steps to Operationalizing Social Representations of History in National Cultures of Conflict and Peacemaking

Step One: Ascertain the Symbolic Landscape of History

Step Two: Describe Discursive Repertoires in Dialogue with Historical Symbols

Step Three: Operationalizing Historical Representations as Legitimizing Myths or Group-Based Ideologies

Step Four: Beyond Representations to Action: Ethics of Research as Good Social Practice

Conclusion

References

Part II South Asia

Where Are We Going? Perspective on Hindu0Muslim Relations in India

HinduMuslim Relations in Modern India: The Cultural, Historical, Political and Social Contexts

Trends in Psychological Research

Early Trends and Mainstream Developments

Contributions Central to Intergroup Research

A Peace Psychological Perspective of Hindu--Muslim Research

Suggestions for Future Research

Interethnic Engagement

Urban Versus Rural India

Development and Operationalisation of Context-Sensitive Measures

Towards Syncretic Cultures

References

Political Violence and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir

Kashmir Conflict

The Partition and Accession

Anatomy of Political Violence

Onset of the Present Crisis

Explaining Violent Separatism

The Ethnic Factor

Violence and Human Suffering

Conflict Transformation and Indo-Pak Peace Process

Peace Strategy: Peacemaking and Peacebuilding

References

Part III Southeast Asia

Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation: Lessons Learned from the 0Baku Bae0 Peace Movement

Overview of the Maluku Conflict

Causes of Conflict

Conflict Resolution Efforts

The Baku Bae Movement

Stages and Processes in the Baku Bae Movement: A Summary

Toward a Peace Psychology of Grassroots Reconciliation

The Future of Baku Bae

References

Memory for Sale: How Groups 0Distort0 Their Collective Memory for Reconciliation Purposes and Building Peace

Reconciliation Context: The Tanjung Priok Case

A Brief History of Tanjung Priok''s Political ''Tragedy''

Literature on Reconciliation

The Role of Memory in Reconciliation

Distortion of Collective Memory

In Search of Peace: Trading Off the Memories

Conclusions and Implications

References

Contested Discourses on Violence, Social Justice,and Peacebuilding Among Indonesian Muslims

Indonesia: State, Society, and Religion in Tension

Psychology of Religious Radicalism

A Note on the Method of Study

Social Constructionist Psychology and Peace Psychology

Preliminary Results

Construction of the Enemy

Discourse on Violence

Social Justice

Critical Discussion and Conclusions

References

Interreligious Harmony and Peacebuilding in Indonesian Islamic Education

Institutions of Muslim Education in Indonesia

Islamic Educations Contributions to Interreligious Harmony

The State System of Islamic Colleges and Universities

The Muhammadiyah's Educational Network

The Nahdlatul Ulama: Indonesia's Pesantren Tradition

What Explains the Success of Muslim Schools and Colleges? Contextualizing Islamic Education in Indonesia

What Role Does Religious Education Play in Shaping Students Responses to Diversity?

References

The Future of Malay0Chinese Relations in Malaysia

History and Nature of the MalayChinese Relations

The Riots of 1969

Actions Following the Riots

Present Scenario of the Malay--Chinese Relation

The Politics of Ethnic Identity

A Psychocultural Approach to Peacebuilding

Shared Cultural Values

Common Religious Values

Reducing Conflict, Increasing Contacts, and the Role of Civil Society Groups

Conclusion

References

A Positioning Analysis of Moro Women0s Participation During and After the MNLF0GRP War

Positioning Theory

The Mindanao Conflict Situation and the MNLF: A Backgrounder

Women During and After the War

Research Objectives

Method

Narrative Method

Participants

Questions

Data Collection and Analysis Procedures

Results

How the Participant Women Wanted to be Regarded

Summary of Themes of Shared Narratives

Women's Reasons for Joining the MNLF

Women--s Participation in the MNLF--GRP War

Women's Participation After the War

Women's Participation in the Formation of Peace and Development Communities

Stories of Women's Struggles, Frustrations, and Challenges During and After the War

Discussion

References

Human-Technology Interface in Philippine People Power

Role of Old and New Technologies in Active Nonviolence

An Agentic Approach to Human Functioning

Conceptual Frame

Method

Sample Representation

Procedures

Data-Gathering Procedure

Coding Procedure

Data Analysis Procedure

Selective Coding and Interfacing

Results

Episode 1: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Oust a Dictator

Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power I

Human Agency and Use of Technology during People Power I

Human--Technology Interface in People Power I

Episode 2: Use of Active Nonviolence and Technology to Remove a Corrupt Ruler

Political, Human, and Technological Context during People Power II

Human Agency and Use of Technology in People Power II

Human--Technology Interface in People Power II

Comparison of Agency and Technology Across Episodes

Comparison of Interfaces Across Episodes

Discussion

Role of Civic and Collective Engagement in Transforming the Role of Technology

Role of Technology in Expanding and Extending Human Functioning: An Agentic Approach

Contributions to Peace Psychology in Asia

Technology and the Dynamics of Social Movements and Civic Engagement

Appendix A

Appendix B

References

Part IV East Asia

Forgiveness for Conflict Resolution in Asia: Its Compatibility with Justice and Social Control

Asia as a Conflict Area

Korea--Japan Debate

Benefits and Risks/Costs of Forgiveness

Forgiveness and Justice

Positive Relationships of Justice and Forgiveness

Third-Party Effects: Conciliation and Retributive Justice

Forgiveness and Social Control

Group Conflicts and Forgiveness

Forgiveness in Interpersonal Conflicts and Group Conflicts

Social Psychological Variables of Intergroup Forgiveness

Conclusions

References

Toward Reconciliation of Historical Conflict Between Japanand China: Design Science for Peace in Asia

Toward Narrative-Design Science

Historical Conflict Between Japan and China Since the 20th Century

History in Japan Revisited

Discontinuity Between Japan and Asia

Discontinuity Between the Past and Present

Apolitical Representations

Nave Universalism

Results of the Session of ''To Help High School Students''

Results of the Session of ''Talking to Chinese Friend''

Result of the Session of ''Talking to the Chinese Delegation''

Narrative-Design Science Toward Peace in Asia

References

Is the Third Way Possible for Peace? The Dilemma of National Identity in Taiwan and Beyond

Geohistorical Context: The Basis of Conflict Among Taiwans Ethnic Groups

Historical Representations and Evaluations by Ethnic Groups

The Emergence and Developing of National Identity in Taiwan

Chinese Consciousness Versus Taiwanese Consciousness

Study 1: The Ideologies of National Identity and Relevant Factors

Methods

Participants

Measures

Results

Differences Among National Identity

Bell Shape and M Shape

Perception of Ethnic Inequality

International Relations with the United States

Relations with China (PRC)

Study 2: The Imagined Future Nationhood

Methods

Participants

Measures

Results

Look Ahead or Look Backward

Is the Third Way Possible?

Conclusion

Appendix: Three Stories for Imagined Future Nationhood

14.0.0 Story A: Unification is the choice

14.0.0 Story B: Independence is the choice

14.0.0 Story C: Confederation is the choice

References

Income Gap, Materialism, and Attitude toward the Richin Developing Countries

Economic Development and Rise of Materialism in Developing Countries

Income Gap, Corruption, and Negative Feeling Toward the Rich

Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward the Rich

Income Gaps, Interclass Conflicts, and Social Unrest

References

Part V Future of Peace Psychology in Asia

How Asia Can Contribute to World Peace Psychology: Creating a Dignified and Peaceful World by Employing Unity in Diversity

Use of a Large-Scale Geohistorical Lens

A Historical Shift Toward Global Interdependence Is Presently Unfolding

The Need for a New Philosophical Foundation: Nondualism and Unity Instead of Dualism and Division

The Need for More Unity: Generating Systemic Change with a Global Scope

Harvesting from the Asian Concept of Harmony

Shame and Saving Face

Harmony

We Need More Diversity: Protecting Cultural Difference

Harvesting from Diverse Cultural Know-How

We Need Unity in Diversity

Harvesting an Ontological Frame

References

The Future of Peace Psychology in Asia

Peace Psychology or Peace Psychologies in Asia?

Structural Violence and the Vestiges of Colonialism in Asia

Collectivist Values, Social Violence, and Peace in Asia

The Religious Factor in Asian Public Life

Future Directions

Balancing Tradition and Modernity

Peacebuilding Across Social Layers: Individual, Group, and Society

Structural Peacebuilding: Making Governance Structures Sensitive to Communal and Local Issues

Conclusion

References

Index