100 Volumes of 'Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics' - 40 Years of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Retrospect

Preface I

Preface II

Foreword of the Volumes’ Editors

Contents

Introduction

Some Historical Observations

Development of Computer Power and Algorithms

About Conceptions and Misconceptions

Future Developments and Needs

Scope and Content of the Volume

References

Part I The NNFM Series and its Origins

The NNFM Series

Introduction

The Aim of the Series

Evolution of the Series

The General Editors and the Co-Editors

And Last, But Not Least ...

The Origin of the Series in the GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics

Introduction

The GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics

The Book Series "Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics"

The GAMM-Conferences on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics

GAMM-Workshops on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics

References

The Environment of the Series in the Initial Phase

Introduction

Early Investigations

Spreading the News

The DFG-Priority Programs

The CNRS-DFG Venture

High Performance Computing

Concluding Remarks

References

German and EU High-Performance Computation Centers

Introduction

Historical Background

Foundation of Federal High-Performance Supercomputing Centers

Jülich Supercomputing Center of the Forschungszentrum (Research Center) Jülich

Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart, HLRS (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Stuttgart)

Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Bayern, HLRB (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Bavaria)

Participation of Germany in European High-Performance Supercomputing

Development of High-Performance Supercomputing in Europe

The Gauß Center of Supercomputing, GCS

The Association PRACE: Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe

Construction of a European Supercomputer Infrastructure

Concluding Remarks

References

Part II Co-Editors Forum: Selected Worldwide Developments

General Developments of Numerical Fluid Mechanics Until the Middle of the 20th Century

Introduction

From Antiquity to the Renaissance

The Enlightenment: the Age of Reason

Leonhard Euler

The 19th Century: Mathematical Fluid Mechanics

Vortex Discontinuities and Resistance

The Boundary Layer and Separation

Shock Waves

The 20th Century: The Computational Era

Early Methods

Methods to Solve the Euler Equations: 1950-1970

Time-Marching Technology

Treatment of Viscous Flows

References

Golden Age of French CFD in the 1970-80s: Aerodynamics with Finite Elements and the European Multi-Physics HERMES Program

Computational Fluid Dynamics

A First Multiphysics Challenge for CFD: the HERMES Program

Computational Mathematics and the Finite Element Method in Aerodynamics

Code Development in the German Aerospace Industry up to the Mid 1990s

Introduction

Potential Equation Codes

Panel Methods

Potential Equation Methods

Euler Codes

Boundary-Layer Methods

Navier-Stokes Codes

Towards the Common German MEGAFLOW System

References

Discontinuities in Compressible Flows: Italian Contributions

Introduction

Shock Fitting

Shock Capturing

Not Only Time Dependency, Compressibility or Shocks

Contributions from the Italian CFD Community

"Fitting" Contributions

"Capturing" Contributions

Conclusions

References

Flashback: 30 Years Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Japan, other Asian Countries and the Western Pacific Rim

Asian Contribution from a Statistical View Point

CFD History in Asia, Mainly in Japan

Early 1980s

Mid 1980s – Early 1990s

Mid 1990s – Early 2000s

Early 2000s – Present

Final Remarks

References

Computational Fluid Mechanics in Russia

Organization of Scientific Research in Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics

Problems and Methods of Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics

Developments in the Theory of Difference Schemes for Hydroaerodynamics

Development of Splitting Methods for Difference Schemes of Hydroaerodynamics

Development of High-Order Difference Methods

Irregular Grids (Curvilinear, Moving)

The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) Method

Solution Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations

Software Packages, Computer Systems

References

CFD Developments in the Northern European Countries

Developments in Sweden

DNS Code for Studying Wall-Bounded Turbulent BoundaryLayers

CFD for Ship Flows

Aerospace CFD Applications

Numerical Weather Prediction

Developments in Norway

Developments in Denmark - Wind Turbine Aerodynamics

{\sf EllipSys3D} Code

Developments in Finland

{\sf FINFLO} Code

References

Some Developments in Computational Aerodynamics in the UK

Introduction

Contributions to Methods for Dealing with Complex Aerodynamic Configurations

The Multi–Block Method

Unstructured Grid Methods

Contributions to CFD Based on the Navier Stokes Equations

References

The Development of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics since the 1960s: US and Canada

The Dawn of Modern CFD

The Starting Position, 40 Years Ago

The Birth of High-Resolution Schemes

Computational Aerodynamics in the 1970s

The Heyday of CFD: 1980-1998

Impact of High-Resolution Schemes

Emphasis on Grids, Parallel Computing, and More

Latest Developments

CFD in Canada

Concluding Remarks

References

Part III Current Applications of Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics/Aerodynamics

European Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation Systems

Introduction

France

Germany

Italy

The Netherlands

Sweden

United Kingdom

References

Numerical Aerodynamics in Transport Aircraft Design

Introduction

The Design Task

Aerodynamic Analysis of Flight

Problem Diagnosis

Conclusion

References

Numerical Aerothermodynamic Design in the European Space Industry

Introduction

Particular Requirements on Physical Modelling

Particular Requirements on Numerical Methods

Presentation of Selected Results

Non-Winged Space Vehicles

Winged Space Vehicles.

References

The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment (VFE-2): Status 2007

Introduction

Test Configuration

Program of Work

Results

Outlook

References

Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow Problems of Aeronautical Industry

Introduction

LES Solutions

Ahmed Body Car Model

Film Cooling

Coaxial Jet

Reacting Flow in a Combustion Chamber

Ignition Process in a Full Combustion Chamber

Conclusion

References

Issues of Multidisciplinary Design

Introduction

Cayley’s Design Paradigm and its Weakening

Ideal-Typical Airframe Definition and Development

Challenges

Mathematical/Numerical Product Models

Flow-Physics and Structure-Physics Models

The Product-Knowledge Problem

Implementation and Acceptance at Industry

Fluid Structure Interaction as Important Element of MSDO

Conclusion

References

Evolutionary Optimisation Methods with Uncertainty for Modern Multidisciplinary Design in Aeronautical Engineering

Introduction

Methodology

Analysis and Formulation of Problem

Real World Design Problems

Multi-objective Design Optimisation of a J-UCAV

Uncertainty Based MDO of the J-UCAV

Conclusions

References

CFD Application in Automotive Industry

Introduction

Vehicle Aerodynamics

Thermal Management and Cabin Environment

Internal Combustion Engine

Aeroacoustics

References

Part IV Applications to Flow Problems in Engineering and Physics

Performance Upgrading of Hydraulic Machinery with the Help of CFD

Modernization of Old Hydro Electric Power Stations

Analysis of Turbine Components

Preliminary Design of a New Runner

Analysis of the Existing (Old) Runner

Optimization of the New Runner

Parametric Runner Design

Conclusion

References

Calculating Blast Loads for Civil Engineering Structures

Introduction

Physics

Numerics

Fluxes and Limiters

Engineering

Initiation From Detailed 1-D/2-D/Axisymmetric Runs

Successive Interpolation

Examples

Nairobi, Kenya:

Market Square:

Financial Center:

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Numerical Modelling of Technical Combustion

Introduction

Strategies for Numerical Simulation of Combustion

Calculation of the Flow Field

Modelling of Chemical Reactions

Some Basic Properties

Numerical Simulation of Combustion

RANS-Modelling

Modelling Using PDF-Transport Equations

LES-Modelling

DNS-Modelling

References

Kinetic Modeling and Simulation of Environmental and Civil Engineering Flow Problems

Introduction

A Short Introduction to Lattice-Boltzmann Modelling of Navier-Stokes Problems

Extensions of LBM for Coupled Problems

Turbulent Flows

Multiphase Flows in Porous Media

Free Surface Flows and Fluid-Structure-Interaction

Thermal Flows

Conclusion and Outlook

References

CFD in Process Engineering

Introduction

Modelling Complex Fluids

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach

Simulation in MOVPE Reactor Design

Applications of LBM

Conclusion

References

Computational Electromagnetics

Background

Maxwell Equations in the Time Domain

Current Status of CEM

Concluding Remarks

References

Computer Modelling of Magnetically Confined Plasmas

Introduction

Early Modelling Efforts

Emerging Fields of the 1980s

On the Way to a Numerical Tokamak

Future Trends

References

Frontiers in Computational Geophysics: Simulations of Mantle Circulation, Plate Tectonics and Seismic Wave Propagation

Introduction

Mantle Flow and Circulation Modelling

Plate Tectonics and Boundary Forces

Seismic Wave Propagation

References

Solar System Plasmadynamics and Space Weather

Introduction

Modelling the Solar Wind

The Governing Equations

Resolving Disparate Scales

Parallel Performance

A Space-Weather Modeling Framework

Representative Results of the Coupled Model

Concluding Remarks

References

Numerical Fluid Dynamics in Astrophysics

Newtonian Flows

Flows in Cosmological Structure Formation

Thermonuclear Supernova Explosions

Relativistic Flows

Special Relativistic Flows

General Relativistic Flows

Concluding Remarks

References

Part V Algorithms, Computer Science and Computers

Multigrid Software for Industrial Applications - From MG00 to SAMG

Introduction and Historical Remarks

The Beginning: Optimal Multigrid

Making Compromises: Multigrid Acceleration

The Idea of Robust Multigrid: Towards AMG

Algebraic Multigrid (AMG)

Algebraic Versus Geometric Multigrid

AMG for Scalar Partial Differential Equations

AMG for Systems of PDEs

Function-Based (or Unknown-Based) AMG

Point-Based AMG: A General Framework

Linear Solver Libraries Based on Multigrid

Industrial Applications

Outlook

References

Computer Science and Numerical Fluid Mechanics – An Essential Cooperation

Introduction

Memory Management for Adaptive Space-Tree Grids Based on Stacks

Fluid-Structure Interaction

Conclusion

References

Commercial CFD in the Service of Industry: The First 25 Years

Introduction

Brief History and Background

The First 10 Years

The 1990’s

The Present

The Next Phase

Geometry Creation and Mesh Generation

Numerical Methods

Physical Models

Other Advanced Technologies

Concluding Remarks

References

High Performance Computing in Academia and Industry - An Example for a Private Public Partnership in HPC

Introduction

Dual Use: Academia and Industry

Potential Advantages

A Public Private Partnership Approach

Prerequisites and Problems

Mode of Operation

Discussion of Results

Future

Requests From Industry

Know-How Transfer

Access to Resources

Visualization

Conclusion

References

Computer Hardware Development as a Basis for Numerical Simulation

Computer Organization: The von Neumann Concept and Alternatives

Semiconductor Technology, Moore’s Law, Instruction Level Parallelism and Multi-Core Technology

Energy Efficiency as New Optimizing Target

High Performance Computer Systems for Numerical Simulation

References

Petaflops Computers and Beyond

Technical Progress for 20 Years Since the 1980s

Technical Challenges and Emerging Technologies for Petaflops Computers and Beyond

Technical Challenges in Hardware

Trends of Semiconductor Technology

Trends of Interconnection Technology

Technical Challenges of Application Development

Petaflops Projects

DARPA High Productivity Computing System (HPCS)

The Next Generation Supercomputer Project in Japan

References

Part VI Appendix

List of NNFM Volumes

Forerunner Volumes

NNFM Volumes from No. 1 to No. 100

New Volumes

Forthcoming Volumes