Mucosal Vaccines

Front Cover

Mucosal Vaccines

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Part I: Introduction

Chapter 1. Mucosal Immunoprophylaxis: An Introductory Overview

I. Introduction

II. Elements of Mucosal Immune System Involved in Immune Response

III. Immunoprophylaxis by the Mucosal Route

IV. Mucosal Adjuvants and Vaccine Delivery Systems

V. Potential Limitations of Mucosal Immunization

VI. Concluding Remarks

References

Part II: Principles of Mucosal Vaccination

Chapter 2. Application of Basic Principles of Mucosal Immunity to Vaccine Development

I. Introduction

II. Mucosal Immune System Organization

III. Characteristics of Regulatory T Cells in the Mucosal Immune System

IV. Multiple Roles for T Cells and Cytokines in Mucosal Immunity

V. The Role of Epithelial Cells in Mucosal Immunity

VI. Mucosal Effector Functions for IgA

VII. Diverse Antigen Delivery Systems for the Induction of Distinct Mucosal Immune Responses

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 3. Antigen Uptake by M Cells for Effective Mucosal Vaccines

I . Introduction

II. Antigen Sampling across Stratified Epithelial Barriers

III. Antigen Sampling across Simple Epithelia

IV. M Cell Organization and Function

V. Differentiation of the FAE and M Cells

VI. Interactions of Microorganisms with M Cells

VII. M Cells and Mucosal Vaccine Strategies

VIII. Conclusions

References

Part III: Mucosal Modulation for Induction of Effective Immunity

Chapter 4. Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Adjuvant

I. Introduction

II. The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cholera Toxin

III. Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Immunogen

IV. Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Adjuvant: General Characteristics

V. Role of CT Subunits in Mucosal Adjuvanticity

VI. Site of Adjuvant Activity

VII. Antigen Uptake across Epithelium or into Lymphoid Follicles

VIII. Cellular Targets of Adjuvanticity

IX. Summary

References

Chapter 5. Use of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin as an Oral Adjuvant

I. Introduction

II. Biological and Immunological Properties of Cholera Toxin and LT

III. Comparison of LT and CT

IV. Cellular Targets of Enterotoxin Action

V. Mucosal (Oral) Tolerance/Adjuvant Properties of LT

VI. Toward a Practical Adjuvant

VII. Summary

References

Chapter 6. Consideration of Mucosally Induced Tolerance in Vaccine Development

I. Introduction

II. Mucosal Immune System for Vaccines and Mucosally Induced Tolerance

III. Protein Vaccine Diphtheria Toxoid (DT) Induces Mucosal Tolerance

IV. Cholera Toxin B Subunit as Transmucosal and Carrier-Delivery System for Induction of Systemic Tolerance

V. Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance: Role of aß and .d T Cells

VI. Clinical Application of Oral Tolerance

References

Part IV: Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery

Chapter 7. Attenuated Salmonella as Vectors for Oral Immunization

I. Attenuated Salmonella for Use as Live Oral Vaccines

II. Vectors for the Expression of Foreign Epitopes

III. Expression of Heterologous Antigens by Attenuated Salmonella

IV. Use of Salmonella for Expression of Novel Antigens

V. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 8. Prospects for Induction of Mucosal Immunity by DNA Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. Immune Responses Induced by DNA Vaccines

III. Antigen Expression at Mucosal Sites

IV. Delivery of DNA to Mucosal Sites

V. Summary

References

Chapter 9. Recombinant BCG as Vector for Mucosal Immunity

I. Introduction

II. Background on BCG

III. rBCG as a Vaccine Delivery Vehicle : Expressing Foreign Proteins on the Surface of BCG

IV. rBCG as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery Vehicle for the Upper Respiratory Tract

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Poliovirus Replicons as a Vector for Mucosal Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. The Poliovirus Genome

III. Development of Poliovirus as an Expression Vector

IV. Immunological Studies

V. Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. Recombinant Adenoviruses as Vectors for Mucosal Immunity

I . Introduction

II. Adenoviruses and Their Molecular Biology

III. Construction of Recombinant Adenovirus Vectors

IV. Adenovirus as a Vaccine Vector

V. Induction of Mucosal Immunity by Adenoviruses

VI. Advances in Adenovirus Vector Methodology and Future Directions

VII. Summary

References

Chapter 12. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Microencapsulation of Vaccines for Mucosal Immunization

I. Introduction

II. Characteristics of DL-PLG Microspheres

III. Microencapsulated Vaccines for Mucosal Immunization

IV. Future Directions

References

Chapter 13. ISCOMs, Liposomes, and Oil-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems

I . Introduction

II. Immunostimulating Complexes

III. Liposomes

IV. Oil-Based Delivery Systems

V. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 14. Passive Immunity for Protection against Mucosal Infections and Vaccination for Dental Caries

I. Introduction

II. Concept of Passive Immunity

III . Experimental Approach for Mucosal Passive Immunization against Infections

IV. Vaccination and Passive Immunization against Dental Caries

V. Summary and Prospects

References

Part V: Mucosal Vaccines for Bacterial Diseases

Chapter 15. Human Mucosal Vaccines for Salmonella typhi Infections

I. Introduction

II. Pathogenesis

III. Vaccines

IV. Summary Comment

References

Chapter 16. Oral Vaccines for Shigella

I. Bacillary Dysentery: Clinical Picture and Epidemiology

II. Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology of Shigella Infections

III. Immune Response in Shigellosis

IV. Vaccine Development

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 17. Progress toward Live-Attenuated Cholera Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. Parenteral Cholera Vaccines

III. Oral Cholera Vaccines

IV. Infection-Derived Immunity

V. Killed Whole-Cell Oral Vaccines

VI. Live-Attenuated Oral Vaccines

VII. Nonrecombinant Live Oral Vaccines

VIII. Recombinant Live-Attenuated Vaccines

IX. CVD 103-HgR

X. A New Generation of Cholera Vaccines

References

Chapter 18. Oral Vaccines against Cholera and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Diarrhea

I. Introduction

II. Mechanisms of Disease and Immunity

III. Oral Cholera Vaccines

IV. Oral B Subunit Whole-Cell ETEC Vaccine

V. Summary

References

Chapter 19. Mucosal Immunity to H. pylori: Implications for Vaccine Development

I . Introduction

II. Overview of H. pylori Infection

III. Gastric Immune and Inflammatory Responses to H. pylori Infection

IV. Why Develop a Vaccine for H. pylori?

V. Strategies for Successful Vaccination against H. pylori

VI. Experimental Evidence That Immunization Can Prevent and/or Cure Helicobacter Infection

VII. Future Challenges in Mucosal Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 20. Mucosal Immunity Induced by Oral Administration of Bacille Calmette—Guerin

I. General Background on Bacille Calmette—Guérin

II. History of Oral Bacille Calmette–Guérin Administration

III. Protective Mycobacterial Immune Responses

IV. Immunity Stimulated by Oral Bacille Calmette–Guérin Vaccination

V. Summary

References

Part VI: Mucosal Vaccines for Viral Diseases

Chapter 21. Polioviruses and Mucosal Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. Neurovirulence and Molecular Biology of Poliovirus

III . Virus Shedding and Revertants

IV. The Immune System and Poliovirus Vaccines

V. The Nature of Immune Responses to Polio Vaccines

VI. Polio Vaccines in Combinatio n with Other Vaccines

VII. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 22. The Rationale for a Mucosal Approach to the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Pulmonary Disease

I. Introduction

II. Is There Immunity to RSV ?

III. Why Was Enhanced Illness Seen Following Inactivated Vaccine ?

IV. Role of Serum Antibody

V. Role of Mucosal Immunity

VI. Role of Cell-Mediated Immunity

VII. Mucosal Immunization

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 23. Oral Immunization with Influenza Virus Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. Oral Immunization with Live Virus

III. Oral Immunization with Inactivated Virus

IV. Comment

References

Chapter 24. Parainfluenza Virus Vaccines

I. Introduction

II. Virology

III. Epidemiology

IV. Reinfection

V. Pathogenesis

VI. Antigenic Composition

VII. Immune Responses

VIII. Progress in Vaccine Development

IX. Development of Live-Attenuate d HPIV-3 Vaccine

X. Evaluation of Cold-Passaged Vaccine Strains in Animals

XI. Human Studies

XII. Molecular Characterization of the Candidate Vaccine Strain

XIII. Potential Use of Reverse Genetics in Vaccine Development

XIV. Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 25. Development of a Mucosal Rotavirus Vaccine

I. Introduction

II. Immunologic Determinants of Protection against Rotavirus- Induced Gastroenteritis in Humans

III. Current Live Rotavirus Vaccines for Children

IV. Animal Models to Study Active Immunity

V. New Approaches to Vaccines for Children

VI. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 26. Rotavirus Vaccine: The Clinical Experience with the Rhesus Rotavirus-Based Vaccines

I. Introduction : Importance of Rotavirus as a Cause of Diarrhea

II. Rotavirus Vaccine Development

III. Properties of Rotavirus Relevant to Vaccine Development

IV. Field Trials with Quadrivalent Vaccine

V. Other Modified Jennerian Approaches

VI. Non Jennerian Approach

VII. Cost Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccine

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 27. Rectal and Genital Immunization with SIV/HIV

I. Introduction

II. Genito-Urinary and Rectal Epithelia

III. Epithelial Cells and Receptor s Involved in HIV Transmission

IV. Functional Biology of the Draining Lymph Nodes

V. HIV/SIV Target Cells in the Genital and Rectal Tracts

VI. Importance of Viral Variants in Sexual Transmission of HIV

VII. Genital and Intestinal Antibody Responses to SIV/HIV Infection

VIII. Genital and Rectal Cellular Responses to HIV/SIV Infection

IX. Routes of Immunization That Elicit Genito-Urinary and Rectal Immunity

X. Mucosal Immunity in Protection against Mucosal Challenge by Live SIV

References

Part VII: Site-Directed Mucosal Vaccines

Chapter 28. Mucosal Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract : Effect of Sex Hormones on Immun e Recognition and Responses

I. Introduction

II. Mucosal Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract

III. Sex Hormone Regulation of Mucosal Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 29. Mucosal Immunity in the Urinary System

I. The Urinary Tract as a Model System for Studies of Mucosal Immunity

II. Urinary Tract Infection–Background

III. Mechanisms of Resistance to Bacterial Colonization

IV. Mucosal Inflammation

V. Specific Immunity in Urinary Tract Infection

VI. Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection

References

Chapter 30. Mucosal Immunity in the Ocular System

I. Introduction

II. Ocular Mucosal Immunobiology

III. Induction of Ocular Mucosal Immune Responses

IV. Targets for Vaccine Development

V. Summary

References

Chapter 31. Intranasal Immunization with Influenza Vaccine

I. Introduction

II. Protection against Influenza Virus Infection by Intranasal Immunization with the Adjuvant-Combined Vaccine

III. Immunological Basis of Protective Effect of Intranasal Immunization with Adjuvant-Combined Vaccine

IV. Usefulness of CT-B Containing a Trace Amount of CT as an Adjuvant for Intranasal Immunization with Vaccine

V. Perspective

References

Chapter 32. Mucosal Immunity and Periodontitis

I. Introduction

II. Humoral Immune Response in Periodontitis Patients

III. Prospects for a Vaccine

IV. Studies in Rodents

V. Studies in Nonhuman Primates

VI. Discussion

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 33. Mucosal Immunity of the Middle Ear

I. Introduction

II. Immunocompetent Cells in the Middle Ear Mucosa

III. Microorganisms in MEEs and Nasopharyngeal Secretions

IV. Systemic Immune Responses against Bacterial Antigen

V. Local Immune Response in the Middle Ear

VI. Immunoregulation in the Middle Ear

VII. Source of IgA Precursors in the Middle Ear

VIII. Mucosal Immunity in the Nasopharynx

IX. Prevention of Otitis Media by Mucosal Vaccination

References

Index