Traffic & Transport Psychology - Proceedings of the ICTTP 2000

Cover

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Contents

Preface

General

Introduction

Fairy Tales

Models and Theories

Attitudes and Driver Performance

Individual Differences

Accident-Countermeasures

References

Driver Behaviour as a Hierarchical System

The Purpose of Theories and Models

How to Define Driving

A Theory of Accidents or a Theory of Normal Driving Behaviour

Theories and Models of Driver Behaviour

Hierarchical Models in Driving

Applications and Other Use of the Extended Theory of Internal Models in Driver Behaviour

Conclusions

References

Behavioural Adaptation to In-Vehicle Safety Measures:Past Ideas and Future Directions

Introduction

Empirical Research to Date

Engineering Safety Interventions

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Devices

Future Directions

Trust in Automation

Locus of Control

Sensation-Seeking

A Quantitative Theory of Behavioural Adaptation

References

Theories of Science in Traffic Psychology

Introduction

Problem Definition

Dealing with Problems:Two Different Types of Assumptions

The Practitoner's View

The Results of the Discussion

Problem Identification

Which Solutions do we have?

Which Theory should we Choose?

Evaluation is the One and Only Empirical Test of Solutions

"Assuming Forbidden"?

Academic Versus Applied Science, or Academic and Applied Science?

The Heuristic Approach

Empiricism and Theory

References

Road User

Cognition and Performance

Cognitive Effects of Environmental Knowledge on Urban Route Planning Strategies

Introduction

Problem Solving in Design Activities

Urban Route Planning and Onboard Systems

Method of the Experimental Study

Analysis of Results

Results

Strategies Used for Problem-Representation Construction

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Strategies Used for Solution Development

Strategies Used for Solution Evaluation

Discussion and Conclusion

Construction of a Problem Representation

Solution-Development Activity

Solution Evaluation

Acknowledgements

References

Perception of Speed and Increments in Cars

Introduction

Experiment 1

Method

Results

Experiment 2

Method

Results and Discussion

Experiment 3

Method

Results

General Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Comparison of Reaction Times at Low and High Speeds

Introduction

Experiment 1:The Driver's RT for Stimulation of the Central Area of the Retina

Purpose

Method

Result and Discussion

Experiment 2:The Driver's RT for Upper Central Area Stimulus

Purpose

Method

Result and Discussion

General Discussion

Conclusions

References

Comprehension and Evaluation of Road Users' Signalling-An International Comparison Between Finland,Germany and Japan

Introduction

Method

Subjects

Stimuli

Procedure

Results and Discussion

Formal Device-Based Signals (FDS) and Formal Gesture-Based Signals (FGS)

Informal Signals

Reference

Interaction and Communication in Dynamic Control Tasks:Ship Handling and Car Driving

Introduction

Ship Handling and Car Driving:Similarities and Differences

Person-Related Aspects

Tool or Device Aspects

Task Demands

Ship Handling

Method

Findings

Car Driving

Method

Findings

Conclusion

Synthesis

Looking to the Future

References

Training of Tram Drivers in Workload Management-Workload Assessment in Real Life and in a Driving/Traffic Simulator

Introduction

Job Characteristics of Tram Drivers

Classification of Situations with High Workload

Measurement of Mental Workload

The Driving and Traffic Simulator

Dual Task Paradigm - the Speech Task

Results

Results of the Speech Task

Results of the Driving Data

Results of the Questionnaire

Summary

References

Road User

Social and Differential Psychology

Road Safety:What has Social Psychology to Offer?

Introduction

Attitudes

Cognitive Biases

Crime and Road Traffic Accidents

Travel Mode Choice

Targeting Interventions

Summary

References

Risk Taking and Self-Efficacy among Young Male Drivers:Self-Efficacy and Changing Task Demands

Introduction

Definition of Self-Efficacy

Scope of the Study

Main Objective

Method and Procedure

Overview

Participants

Tasks

Measure of Self-Efficacy

Design

Validity Checks

Results

Self-Efficacy and Task Performance

Changes in Efficacy Expectation and Performance

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Errors,Lapses and Violations in the Drivers of Heavy Vehicles

Introduction

Method

Results and Discussion

Descriptive Statistics

Factor Analysis

Correlations

Prediction

Conclusions

References

Anger and Aggression in Driving and Non-Driving Contexts

Introduction

Study 1

Method

Results and Discussion

Study 2

Method

Results and Discussion

Study 3

Method

Results and Discussion

General Discussion

References

Abusing the Roadway "Commons":Understanding Aggressive Driving Through an Environmental Preservation Theory

Driving Aggression

The "Commons"

The "Common" Roadway

Roadway Overpopulation

Saving the Natural Commons

Saving the Roadway Commons

Perceived and Real Consequences

Increasing Consequences

Challenges to Saving the Commons

Conclusions

References

Characteristics and Crash-Involvement of Speeding,Violating and Thrill-Seeking Drivers

Introduction

Sample

Measures

Speeding

Violating

Thrill-Seeking

Characteristics of Speeding Drivers

Speeding Offences and Crash Involvement

Speed Choice

Normal and Preferred Speeds and Crash Involvement

Speed Choice and Driving as Part of Your Work

Driving as Part of Your Work and Crash Involvement

Characteristics of Violating Drivers

Violations and Crash Involvement

Violations and Driving as Part of Your Work

Driving as Part of Your Work, Violations and Crash Involvement

Characteristics of Thrill-Seeking Drivers

Thrill-Seeking and Crash Involvement

Thrill-Seeking and Driving as Part of Your Work

Summary and Conclusions

References

Driver Behaviour and its Consequence:The Case of Chinese Drivers

Introduction

Method

Key Findings

Mean Scores

Factor Structures

Factor Scores and Accident Involvement

Discussion

References

Are Female Drivers Adopting Male Drivers' Way of Driving?

Introduction

Reasons for Choosing this Topic

Purpose of this Study

Data and Method

Results

Proportion of Speeding Drivers

Accidents During Evenings and Night-Time

Proportion of Drunk Drivers

Proportion of Drivers with Previous Traffic Offences

Conclusions

References

The Relationship Between Accidents and Near-Accidents in a Sample of Company Vehicle Drivers

Introduction

Method

The Questionnaire Study

The Diary Study

Results

Real and Near Accident Coding Scheme

Accident Typology

Discussion

References

Road User

Impairment

Fatigue and Driving

Introduction

The Size of the Problem;Fatigue Surveys and Crash Data

Causes of Driver Fatigue

Sleep Loss

Driving at Different Times of Day

Long Hours of Driving

Countermeasures to Fatigue

Behavioural Countermeasures

Technological Countermeasures

Regulatory Countermeasures

References

Why is Driver Impairment Difficult to Assess?

Introduction

What Constitutes Driver Impairment

Inducing Impairment

Accident Precursors

Expert Observation

Psycho-Physiological Criteria to Define Impaired Driving

Categories of Driving Impairment

Integration

Conclusion

References

Individual Differences in Driver Risk Acceptance During Sleep Deprivation

Introduction

Risk Acceptance

Measuring Risk Acceptance

Method

Subjects

Procedure

Experimental Design

Results

Implications for Performance

Model Fits

Modelling Individual Differences

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Discussion

Future Directions

References

Compensation for Drowsiness and Fatigue

Introduction

Participants

Method

Procedure

Method of Analysis

Results

Discussion

References

Cognitive/Neuropsychological Functioning and Compensation Related to Car Driving Performance in Older Adults

Introduction

Relevance of the Study

Ageing, Cognition and Car Driving

Compensation

General Methodology

Research Sample

Dependent Variables

The Research Phases

First-Tier Screening Battery

The Relation between Cognitive/Neuropsychological Factors and Driving

Detailed Accident Analysis

Strategic and Tactical Compensation

General Conclusion

References

Safety

Driver Information and Support Systems

Driver Support Systems: Current Trends

Introduction

Driving-Aids Before 1985

Driving-Aids, Job-Aids, Assistance

Some Examples of What has been Done

Explosion

R & D, Organisations, Architecture

The US

Asia-Pacific

Europe

Ford

GM

Toyota

Nissan

Fiat

DaimlerChrysler

Renault

PSA

Trends

Human Factors, Driver Behaviour

Conclusion

References

Appendix

10 Useful Internet Sites

Glossary

Behavioural Adaptation to an Advanced Driver Support System

Introduction

Method

Participants

Driving Simulator

IN-ARTE Human Machine Interface (HMI)

Scenarios

Procedure

Analyses

Results

Warnings and System Interventions

Critical Incidents

Lane Keeping

Speed

Discussion

References

The Effects of Different Display Types with Respect to Reading Numerical Information and Detecting Speed Change

Introdution

Experiment I

Method

Results

Experiment II

Method

Results

Experiment III

Method

Results

Overall Discussion

Overall Conclusions

References

The Brake Activity of Car Drivers and that of an Automatic Brake System in Simulated Critical and Non-Critical Driving Scenarios

Introdution

Background

Safety Margins During Catch-up and Car Following

Method

Subjects

Apparatus

Procedure

Results

Brake Activity in an Emergency Scenario

Brake Activity in a Catch-up Scenario

Discussion

References

Changes to Driving Behaviour in Conditions of Reduced Visibility Using an Infrared Vision Support System: Driving Simulator Evaluation Results

Background

The Need for Driver Vision Support in Conditions of Reduced Visibility

Technological Solutions Currently Offered

The "Darwin" Project

The DARWIN Driver Vision Support System

Objectives of the Human Factors Evaluations

The Human Factors Evaluations

Method

Key Objective and Subjective Parameters

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Attitudes to Telematic Driving Constraints

Introduction

Sample

Usefulness and Acceptability of Telematic Devices

Characteristics of Car Drivers Finding Telematic Devices Useful and Acceptable

Evaluation of Telematic Devices and Speed Choice

Summary

References

Driver Assistance Systems: Safe or Unsafe

Introdution

Hypotheses Concerning ACC

Verification of the Engineering Hypotheses

Validation of the Behavioural and Human Factors Hypotheses

Situation Awareness and "Authority"

Mode Errors and Monitoring

Behavioural Adaptation and Driver Type

Loss of Skill in the Long Term

Discussion: A Contrast Between Two Vehicle Control Systems

Conclusions

References

Safety

Enforcement and Training

Questions for Psychologists Related to Enforcement Strategies

Introduction

Underlying Reasons for Non-Compliance with Traffic Rules

How Enforcement Works and What Explanations Psychologists Offer

Psychologists' Contribution of Enforcement: Today and in the Future

References

Evidence for the Effectiveness of a High Enforcement Strategy: A Case Study from the Republic of Ireland

Introduction

Method

Results

Levels of Surveillance and Enforcement

Perceptions of Increased Surveillance and Enforcement

Comparative Survey of Knowledge and Perceptions

Changes in Compliance

Changes in Accident Rates: Analysis of Hospital Data

Changes in Accident Rates: National Road Accident Database

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

The Development of Training Courses for Switzerland's Two-Phase Driver Training Model

Introduction

Current State of Knowledge About Causes of Accidents of Young Drivers

Resuts of the Inquiry

Concretization of the Further Modules

Basic Thoughts

Objectives of the Advanced Courses

Formal Elements of the 16 Hours of Advanced Training

Methods

References

Safety

Selection and Rehabilitation

Driver Selection and Improvement in Austria

Introduction

History of the Measures

Development of Driver Selection

Development of Driver Improvement

Organizational and Structural Change

Concept of Driver Selection

Concept of Driver Improvement

Evaluation Studies of Driver Selection

Criterion Validation with Driving Behaviour

Extreme Group Validation

Evaluation Studies of Driver Improvement Programs

References

Driver Selection and Improvement in Germany

Driver Selection by Medico-Psychological Assessments

Quality Assurance and Evaluation

Principles of the Psychological Interview

Conclusions

References

Regrant the Licence Earlier? Effects of Accelerated Assessment and Rehabilitation Within the Legal Ban Period of DWI Drivers in Northern Germany

Introduction

The Acquisition of the Clients

Effect of the BUSS-System on the Standards of the Counsellors

Methods and Results

Comparability of Experimentals and Controls

Time Schedules after DWI (Experimentals vs. Controls)

Relapse Rates Collected by the CTR (Central Traffic Register)

Summary and Conclusions

References

Driving Tests - Test Reliability, Consistency of Candidates Performance and Other Issues

Introduction

The Reliability of Driving Tests

Components of Unreliability

Is Test Reliability Important?

A Test - Retest Study

Explaining Test-Retest Inconsistency

A Simplified Model of a Driving Test

Improving the Reliability of the Driving Test

Other Approaches to Improving Novice Driver Safety

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Accident Proneness: The History of an Idea

Introduction

The Search for a Measure

Public Acceptance

Interlude: Why so Popular?

Destruction of Accident Proneness

The Counter-Revolution

The Driver Again Emerges

Conclusion

Caveat

References

Mobility and Environment

Psychological Motivation of Pro-Environmental Travel Behaviour in an Urban Area

Introduction

The Theoretical Framework

Study I

Participants

The Physical Environment

Measurements and Statistical Analyses

Results of Study I

Comments

Study II

Participants

Materials

Measurements, Design and Procedures

Effects of the Intervention

Comments

General Conclusions

References

Car Use:Lust and Must

Introduction

Method

Respondents and Questionnaire

Measures

Results

Correlations Between Car Use and Motives for Car Use

Explaining Car Use

Differences Between Respondents Groups

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Is Employees' Achievement Motivation and Performance Affected by Commuting Stress?

Introduction

Study Design

Results

Subjects

Health and Psychosomatic Complaints

Situation at the Beginning of the Trip

Strain Caused by the Trip to Work

Subjective Evaluation of the Working Situation

State of the Subjects at the End of their Trip to Work

Discussion

References

Who Will Reduce their Car Use-and Who Will Not?

Introduction

Sample

Car Use

Preferred and Anticipated Changes in Car and Public Transport Use

Judged Effectiveness of Policy Measures to Reduce Own Car Use

Who Would be Moved from their Cars by Pull and by Push Measures?

Conclusion

References

Perceptions of Car Users and Policy Makers on the Effectiveness and Acceptability of Car Travel Reduction Measures:An Attribution Theory Approach

Introduction

Attribution Theory

Respondents

Residents

Businesses

Policy Makers

Final Data Set

Measurement of Variables:Willingness and Ability to Change

Results

What Car Travel Reduction Measures Would Respondents Like to See Implemented?

The Actor-Observer Effect and Individual Car Use

The Actor-Observer Effect and Car Use in Organisations

How Would Residents Respond to Various Car Travel Reduction Measures?

How Would Organisations Respond to Various Measures?

Conclusions and Discussion

References

The Prediction of Travel Behaviour Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Introduction

Method

Procedure

Results

Prediction of Intention

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Descriptions of Cities

Amsterdam

Barcelona

Copenhagen

Gothenburg

Public Acceptability of Travel Demand Management

Aims of the Transprice Project

Public Acceptability Surveys

Survey Methodology

Results

References

Evaluations of Bike and Walk Systems

Introduction

Method

Respondents

Mail-Back Questionnaires

Bike and Walk VCR Shows

Procedure

Results

Correspondence Between Believed and Actual Area Type

Statements and Bugs

Quality Assessments

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References