Social Anxiety - Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives

Front Cover

Social Anxiety

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Introduction: Toward an Understanding of Social Anxiety Disorder

Delineation of Social Anxiety

Theoretical Perspectives

Treatment Approaches

Conclusion

References

Part I: Delineation of Social Anxiety

Chapter 1. Evolution of Terminology and Constructs in Social Anxiety and Its Disorders

Introduction

Overlapping and Contrasting Emotional States

Definitions

Diagnostic Nosology Classifications

Relation of Performance Deficits and Social Anxiety

Subtypes of SAD

Cultural and Developmental Considerations

Coverage Across Disciplines and Subdisciplines

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2. Assessment of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia

The Clinical Interview

Interviewer-Rated Scales

Self-Report Measures

General Measures of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia

Measures of Theoretically Derived Components of Social Anxiety

Self-Report Measures for Children and Adolescents

Role-Playing Procedures

Thought-Listing and Thought-Endorsement Procedures

Psychophysiological Assessment

Summary

References

Chapter 3. Shyness, Social Anxiety, and Social Anxiety Disorder

Introduction

Definitions

Prevalence

Cultural Influences

Comorbidity in a Shyness Treatment Sample

Development of Chronic Shyness

Individual Differences in Shy and Socially Phobic Individuals

Characteristics of Shy and Socially Phobic Individuals

Treatment

Social Fitness Model

References

Chapter 4. Are Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder Merely Distant Cousins, or Are They Closer Kin?

The Nature of Embarrassment

Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Social Anxiety Disorder and Its Relationship to Perfectionism

Perfectionism and Measures of Social Anxiety in Nonclinical Samples

Perfectionism in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder

Perfectionism in Social/Evaluative Contexts

Perfectionism and Social/Evaluative Avoidance

The Effect of Treatment for Social Phobia on Perfectionism

Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Social Phobia as a Deficit in Social Skills

Introduction

The Notion of Social Skills

Assessment of the Social Skills of Social Phobic Individuals

Skills Deficits and Social Phobia – Direct and Indirect Evidence

Social Phobia as a Problem in Social Functioning

The Treatment of Social Phobia as an Antidote to Its Etiology, or, Social Skills Training for Social Skills Deficits

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Relation to Clinical Syndromes in Adulthood

Comorbidity in Studies Using DSM-III and DSM-III-R Criteria

Comorbidity in Studies Using DSM-IV Criteria

Comorbidity Between Social Anxiety Disorder and Other Conditions

Cross-Cultural Expressions of Comorbidity

Comment and Future Directions

References

Chapter 8. Avoidant Personality Disorder and Its Relationship to Social Phobia

Introduction

Diagnostic Issues Using The DSM

Review of Early Findings

Findings from More Recent Literature

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Biological, Developmental and Social Considerations

History and Morphology of Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Biological Factors

Developmental Factors

Social Factors

The Maintenance of Childhood Social Anxiety: A Cognitive Behavioral Model

Evidence-Based Treatment of Social Anxiety

Conclusion/Future Directions

References

Part II: Theoretical Perspectives

Chapter 10. Neuroendocrinology and Neuroimaging Studies of Social Anxiety Disorder

Introduction

Neuroendocrinology of Social Anxiety Disorder

Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder

Integrating Neuroendocrine and Neuroanatomical Studies

General Conclusions

Future Directions

References

Chapter 11. Genetic Basis of Social Anxiety Disorder

Introduction

Linkage Studies in Social Anxiety Disorder

Association Studies in SAD

Association Studies in Traits of Potential Relevance to SAD

Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Temperamental Contributions to the Development of Psychological Profiles

How Many Temperaments?

Genes and Neurochemistry

Other Origins of Temperament

Sources of Evidence

Variation in Reactions to the Unfamiliar

High- and Low-Reactive Infants

Assessment in the Second Year

Assessment at Four-and-a-Half Years

Assessment at Seven-and-a-Half Years

Assessment at 11 Years

Assessment at 15 Years

References

Chapter 13. Basic Behavioral Mechanisms and Processes in Social Anxieties and Social Anxiety Disorders

Introduction

Current Status of Behavioral Theory of Social Anxieties and Social Anxiety Disorder

Contemporary Behavioral Principles as a Basis for the Further Development of Theories of Social Anxieties and Social Anxiety Disorder

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. Cognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder

Introduction

Attention

Interpretation

Memory

Conclusions

References

Chapter 15. A Cognitive Behavioral Model of Social Anxiety Disorder: Update and Extension

The Original Model

Imagery in Social Anxiety Disorder

Post-Event Processing

The Combined Cognitive Biases Hypothesis

Fear of Positive Evaluation

Emotion Dysregulation in Social Anxiety Disorder

Implications for the Rapee–Heimberg Model of Social Anxiety Disorder

References

Chapter 16. Social Anxiety, Social Anxiety Disorder, and the Self

The Self

Overview

A Social-Cognitive Perspective

Theoretical and Research Perspectives on Social Anxiety

Theoretical and Research Perspectives on Social Anxiety Disorder

Future Directions

References

Chapter 17. Social Anxiety, Positive Experiences, and Positive Events

A Self-Regulation Perspective on Social Anxiety

Social Anxiety and Positive Experiences

Positive Cognitions Relevant to the Social Anxiety Spectrum

Biological Markers of Diminished Rewards in Social Anxiety

Meaningful Heterogeneity in Social Anxiety

Summary

References

Chapter 18. Social Anxiety as an Early Warning System: A Refinement and Extension of the Self-Presentation Theory of Social Anxiety

The Original Self-Presentation Theory

Extending the Self-Presentation Approach: Sociometer Theory

Social Anxiety and Interpersonal Behavior

Implications for Treatment

Conclusions

References

Part III: Treatment Approaches

Chapter 19. Psychopharmacology for Social Anxiety Disorder

Medication Treatments

Pharmacotherapy in Children and Adolescents

Recommendations

References

Chapter 20. Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Treatments-by-Dimensions Review

Treatment Impact on Physiological Symptoms

Treatment Impact on Cognitive Symptoms

Treatment Impact on Overt Behavioral Performance

Overall Conclusions

Summary

References

Chapter 21. Comparison between Psychosocial and Pharmacological Treatments

Psychosocial Treatments

Pharmacological Treatments

Comparison of Psychosocial and Pharmacological Treatments: Meta-Analyses

Comparison of Psychosocial and Pharmacological Treatments: Individual Trials

Advantages of Psychosocial Treatments

Advantages of Pharmacological Treatment

Novel Therapeutics: Combining "Cognitive Enhancers" with Psychosocial Treatment

Clinical Implications and Discussion

References

Chapter 22. Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder

A Model of Social Anxiety Disorder

Mechanisms of Treatment: Pharmacotherapy

Mechanisms of Treatment: CBT

Combined Pharmacotherapy and CBT

Social Skills Training

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Other Psychosocial Treatments

Summary

References

Index

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