Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health

Preface

References

Contents

Contributors

Table of All Rating Scales Contained in This Handbook

1 Understanding Rating Scales and Assessment Instruments

Types of Rating Scales Presented in This Handbook

Basic Statistical Concepts

Reliability

Internal Consistency

Test--Retest Reliability

Inter-rater Reliability

Validity

Content Validity

Criterion Validity

Construct Validity

Diagnostic Accuracy

Sensitivity and Specificity

Sensitivity to Treatment-Induced Change

Summary

2 Rating Scales for Depression

Gold Standard Rating Scales

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D or HRSD)

Application of Scale

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Reliability and Validity

Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology

Scoring Key

Reliability

Validity

Other Scales Available for Rating Depression

Montgomery--Asberg Depression Rating Scale

Reliability

Zung Self-Report Depression Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Validity

Other Issues in Assessing Depression

Ability of Depression Rating Scales to Detect Clinical Changes with Treatment

Minimizing Biases in the Assessment of Depression Symptom Domains

Ability of Depression Rating Scales to Measure Symptoms Across Depressive Subtypes

Self- Versus Clinician-Administered Depression Rating Scales

Assessing Depression Across Age Groups

Assessing Depression Across Different Cultures

Assessing Depression Across Different Educational and Comprehension Levels

Assessing Depression with Psychiatric Comorbidities

Assessing Depression with Medical Comorbidities

References

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17)

Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale

QIDS-SR16

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Scoring Key

3 Rating Scales for Anxiety Disorders

General Measure of Anxiety

Gold Standard Scale: Beck Anxiety Inventory

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Gold Standard Scale: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A)

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

Gold Standard Measure: Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS)

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Other Empirically Driven Scales for PD and PDA

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index

Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) and the Body Sensation Questionnaire (BSQ)

Social Anxiety Disorder

Gold Standard Measure: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Other Empirically Based Scales for SAD

The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Gold Standard Measure: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A)

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Other Empirically Driven Scales for GAD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Gold Standard Measure: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS)

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Scores

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Other Empirically Driven Scales for OCD

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Gold Standard: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale

Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT)

Application of Scale

Scoring Key

Cut-Off Score

Reliability and Validity

Source and Alternative Forms

Other Empirically Driven Scales for PTSD

References

Panic Disorder Severity Scale

Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale

Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)

Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

YBOCS Detailed Scoring Instructions

Short PTSD Rating Scale

4 Rating Scales for Bipolar Disorder

Assessment of Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder

Gold Standard Scale: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 31-Item Version (HDRS-31)

Other Scales Available

The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale

The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology

Assessment of Manic or Mixed symptoms in Bipolar Disorder

Gold Standard Rating Scale: The Young Mania Rating Scale

Assessment of Psychosis in Bipolar Disorder

Integrated Symptom Assessment in Bipolar Disorder

References

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 31-Item Version (HDRS-31)

Young Mania Rating Scale

Internal State Scale (ISS)

Clinical Monitoring Form

Clinical Self-Report Form

5 Rating Scales for Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions

Alcohol-Related Problems

Screening for Alcohol Misuse

Gold Standard Rating Scale: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Scoring

Other Measures

Assessing Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Use

Assessing Severity of Dependence

Gold Standard Scale: The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ)

Scoring

Other Measures

Assessing Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Gold Standard Scale: The Revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA-Ar)

Scoring

Other Measures

Assessing Alcohol-Related Consequences

Gold Standard Scales: The Short Index of Problems (SIP)

Scoring

Other Measures

Assessing Relapse Risk

Gold Standard Scale: Assessment of Warning Signs of Relapse scale (AWARE [ 32 ])

Scoring

Nicotine-Related Problems

Assessing Nicotine Use

Smoking History Information

Assessing Smoking Status and Outcomes

Assessing of Nicotine Craving, Withdrawal, and Dependence

Nicotine Craving

Nicotine Withdrawal

Nicotine Dependence

References

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Interview Version

Assessment of the Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Use in the Past 30 Days

Short Index of Problems

Tiffany QSU-Brief

Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale

6 Screening for Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Settings:Four Recently Developed Screening Measures

Why Screen for Personality Disorders?

Four Recently Developed Screening Instruments

Standardised Assessment of Personality -- Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS)

Iowa Personality Disorder Screen (IPDS)

Inventory of Interpersonal Problems -- Personality Disorders -- 25 (IIP-PD-25)

Five Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF)

Diagnosing Personality Disorders

Conclusion

References

7 Clinical Ratings Scales and Assessment in Eating Disorders

Prevalence Estimates

Clinical Assessment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Semi-Structured Interviews

The Structured Clinical Interview for Psychiatric Diagnosis (SCID)

The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE)

Self-Report Assessments

Dietary Records

The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)

Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA), the Eating Disorders Quality of Life (EDQOL), and the Quality of Life for Eating Disorders (QOL ED)

Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS)

Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)

Eating Attitudes Test

The Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R)

The SCOFF

Assessment of Binge-Eating Disorder

Assessment of Body Image

The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ)

The Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)

Assessment of Children and Adolescents

The Eating Disorder Examination -- Child (EDE-Ch)

The Children's Eating Attitudes Test (Ch-EAT)

The Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP-A)

Kid's Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS)

Eating Disorder Inventory -- Child (EDI-C)

Conclusion

References

Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26)

Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ)

Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS)

8 The Use of Rating Scales to Measure Outcomes in Child Psychiatry and Mental Health

Focus of This Review

Sixteen Dimensions of Rating Scales

Focus on Child vs. Adult Patients -- Two Different Worlds

Individual Patient vs. Other Focus

Clinical Assessment vs. Other Types of Scales

Broad- vs. Narrow-Band of Symptoms

Outpatient vs. Inpatient or Other Level of Care

Single Total Score vs. Multiple Subscales

Who Completes the Scale

Standalone or Part of a Larger System

Time Needed to Complete Ratings

Validated for Longitudinal Use

Hand vs. Computer Scored

Free vs. Pay for Use

Has a Website

Requires Specialized Degree and/or Training

Available in Spanish or Other Languages Other than English

Quality of Validation

Conclusions

References

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children

9 Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Suggested Rating Scales for ADHD

Current Symptoms Scale (CSS) The CSS is protected by copyright and therefore is not reproduced here. It is available in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook03rd Edition (Barkley and Murphy, 2006). The workbook also includes self-report scales assessing childhood symptoms retrospectively. Other-report forms for both current and past symptoms can be used to collect collateral information for assessment and treatment tracking. Normative data tables are also provided

Adult ADHD Self-report Scale (ASRS)

Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales

Conclusions

References

10 Rating Scales in Schizophrenia

Assessment of General Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Scales to Assess Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Scales to Assess Social Functioning and Quality of Life in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: The Quality of Life Scale (QLS)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Scales to Assess Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Scales to Assess Antipsychotic Medication Attitudes and Compliance in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Interpreting Results, Cut-off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Scales to Assess Medication Side Effects in Schizophrenia

Gold Standard Scale: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

Application of Scale, Administration, and Scoring

Psychometric Issues (Reliability and Validity)

Interpreting Results, Cut-Off Scores, and Clinically Significant Change

Other Useful Scales for Patients with Schizophrenia

References

Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)

Quality of Life Scale

Scoring of Quality of Life Scale

11 Brief Rating Scales for the Assessment of Cognitive*-2pt and Neuropsychological Status

Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE)

Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS)

Supplemental Tests

Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

Trail Making Test (TMT)

Clinical Application

Beyond Screening Instruments: Med-range Neuro-cognitive Assessment Tools

Summary

References

12 Rating Scales in Psychotherapy Practice

Therapy Process and Outcome: What Do We Know?

The Case for Rating Scales in Psychotherapy

Scale Selection Considerations

Purpose of the Scales

Logistical Considerations

Examples of Brief Scales for Therapy Practice

Schwartz Outcome Scale-10

Outcome Rating Scale

Session Rating Scale

How to Use Rating Scales: From Intake to Termination

Summary

References

Schwartz Outcome Scale 10 Item Version (SOS-10)

13 Assessing the Ongoing Psychological Impact of Terrorism

Introduction

Anticipation of Future Terrorism

Unique Reactions to Terrorism

Gold Standard Scales

Empirical and Theoretical Bases of the TCS

A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of the Impact of Terrorism

Development and Psychometric Testing of the TCS

Application and Method/Timing of TCS Administration

Scoring the TCS Scales and Summary Measure

Interpretation

Validity and Reliability

Other Scales Available for This Disorder

The Utility of the TCS

Conclusion

References

The Terrorism Catastrophizing Scale (TCS)

14 The Comprehensive Psychological Assessment

Forms of Psychological Assessment

Rating Scales and Screening Tools Versus Psychological Assessment

Rating Scales and Screening Tools

Psychological Assessment

Rating Scales and Screening Tools Versus Psychological Assessment: Pros and Cons

Purposes of Psychological Assessment

Description of Psychopathology, Neuropathology, and Differential Diagnosis

Description and Prediction of Everyday Behavior

Inform Medical or Psychological Treatment

Monitoring of Treatment

Assessment as a Therapeutic Process

What Makes Psychological Assessment Therapeutic?

Empirical Support

Making a Referral: How to Ask a Good Referral Question

The Importance of Specificity

Suggestions for How to Be Specific

Why Now?

How Am I Feeling About the Patient?

Be Clear About How the Psychological Report Will Be Used

Note Any Specific Hypotheses About a Patient

Enlist the Input of Others When Constructing a Referral Question

Finding an Assessment Psychologist

Summary

References

15 The Role of Outcomes Assessment in Clinical Quality*-2pt Improvement

Pressures to Improve Quality of Care

Outcomes Are Only One Aspect of Quality Improvement

Challenges of Implementation

Conclusion

References

Index