Introduction to Sociological Theory - Theorists, Concepts, and their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century

Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and Their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century

Copyright

Contents

List of Boxed Features

List of Figures

Acknowledgments

How to Use This Book

Introduction: Welcome to Sociological Theory

ANALYZING SOCIAL LIFE

SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS AND AUGUSTE COMTE’S VISION OF SOCIOLOGY

THE SOCIOLOGICAL CRAFT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE KARL MARX (1818–1883)

EXPANSION OF CAPITALISM

CAPITALISM AS STRUCTURED INEQUALITY

MARX’S THEORY OF HISTORY

DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM

MARX’S VISION OF COMMUNISM

THE MILLENNIUM’S GREATEST THINKER

HUMAN NATURE

MATERIAL AND SOCIAL EXISTENCE INTERTWINED

CAPITALISM AS A DISTINCTIVE SOCIAL FORM

PRIVATE PRoPERTY

THE PRODUCTION OF PROFIT

THE COMMODIFICATION OF LABOR POWER

PROFESSIONAL SPORTS: THE COMMODIFICATION OF LABOR POWER IN ACTION

WORK: LIFE SACRIFICE

WAGE-LABOR

WAGE-LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE

THE GAP BETWEEN EXCHANGE-VALUE AND USE-VALUE

THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ALIENATION

THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

ALIENATED LABOR

THE OPPRESSION OF CAPITALISTS

ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

INCOME DISPARITIES

MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO

IDEOLOGY AND POWER

EVERYDAY EXISTENCE AND THE NORMALITY OF IDEAS

FREEDOM TO SHOP

IDEOLOGY OF CONSUMPTION

THE MYSTICAL VALUE OF COMMODITIES

THE CAPITALIST SUPERSTRUCTURE

THE RULING POWER OF MONEY IN POLITICS

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO EMILE DURKHEIM (1858–1917)

DURKHEIM’S METHODOLOGICAL RULES

SCIENTIFIC SOCIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF SOCIAL FACTS

STUDYING SOCIAL FACTS AS THINGS

SOCIAL FACTS AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

THE NATURE OF SOCIETY

COOPERATION AS THE KEY TO SOCIAL LIFE

THE CONSTRAINT OF SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS

AN ARMY OF ONE

CHANGE AND RESISTANCE

SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL COHESION

TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

THE SOCIETAL ABSORPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL

MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY

MODERN SOCIETY

SPECIALIZED DIVISION OF LABOR

SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE

THE DENSITY OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

ORGANIC SOLIDARITY

THE MORAL-SOCIAL BASIS OF CONTRACT

SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SUICIDE

SUICIDE : A SOCIAL FACT

ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE

EGOISTIC SUICIDE

ANOMIC SUICIDE

ABNORMALITIES THAT THREATEN SOCIAL COHESION

ANOMIE THAT FOSTERS SOCIAL COHESION

RELIGION AND THE SACRED

SACRED THINGS

SACRED BELIEFS AND RITUALS

THE ASSEMBLING OF COMMUNITY

RELIGION AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE MAX WEBER (1864–1920)

SOCIOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL ACTION

CULTURE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

THE PROTESTANT-CAPITALIST PUZZLE

THE PROTESTANT ETHIC

THE REFORMATION

SALVATION AND PREDESTINATION

PROVING ONE’S SALVATION

RATIONAL SELF-REGULATION AND SELF-CONTROL

PROTESTANT-WESTERN INDIVIDUALISM

IDEAL TYPES

SOCIAL ACTION

VALUE-RATIONAL ACTION

INSTRUMENTAL RATIONAL ACTION

NON-RATIONAL ACTION

THE INTERPLAY OF RATIONAL AND NON-RATIONAL ACTION

VALUES AND EMOTIONS IN THE CORPORATE WORLD

WANTING A CHILD: EMOTION, VALUES, AND INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY

POWER, AUTHORITY, AND DOMINATION

THE LEGAL AUTHORITY OF THE STATE

BUREAUCRACY

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

GRADIENTS OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

SOCIAL STATUS

POLITICAL POWER

MODERNITY AND COMPETING VALUES

SCIENCE AND VALUES

THE VALUE NEUTRALITY OF SCIENCE

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOUR TALCOTT PARSONS AND ROBERT MERTON: FUNCTIONALISM AND MODERNIZATION

TALCOTT PARSONS

DEVELOPING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

BLENDING THEORY AND DATA

PARSONS’S INTELLECTUAL DEBT TO WEBER AND DURKHEIM

THE SOCIAL SYSTEM

SOCIAL ACTION

NORMATIVE REGULATION

SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIETAL INTEGRATION

VALUES CONSENSUS

SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION, CULTURE, AND THE SECULARIZATION OF PROTESTANTISM

RELIGION AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL INTEGRATION

VALUE-ORIENTATIONS IN A TIME OF GLOBAL SOCIAL CHANGE

PATTERN VARIABLES

THE DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP

CHANGE IN THE MEDICAL SYSTEM

MODERNIZATION THEORY

AMERICAN SOCIETY AS THE PROTOTYPE OF MODERNIZATION

STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY

FUNCTIONALISM OF SEX ROLES

ROBERT MERTON’S MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY

MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONS

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES

STRAIN BETWEEN CULTURE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

PARSONS’S LEGACY: VARIED DIRECTIONS

NIKLAS LUHMANN: SYSTEMS THEORY

JEFFREY ALEXANDER: THE CIVIL SPHERE

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY: PARSONS

GLOSSARY: MERTON, LUHMANN, ALEXANDER

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIVE CRITICAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS: TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS

CRITICAL THEORY

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS

DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT

TECHNOLOGY AS SOCIAL CONTROL

SOCIETY’S RATIONAL CONTROL OF NATURE

MASS CULTURE AND CONSUMPTION

TECHNOLOGY AND PROFIT

CULTURE OF ADVERTISING

CONTROLLED CONSUMPTION

MEDIA REALITY

CULTURAL TOTALITARIANISM

ACTIVE CONSUMERS AND AUDIENCES

POLITICS: UNIFORMITY AND CONTROL

TECHNOLOGY AS POLITICAL CONTROL

JÜRGEN HABERMAS: THE STATE AND SOCIETY

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STEERING PROBLEMS

LEGITIMATION CRISES

COMMUNICATION AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE

DISTORTED COMMUNICATION

REASON IN THE CONTEXT OF EVERYDAY LIFE

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

CHAPTER SIX CONFLICT, POWER, AND DEPENDENCY IN MACRO-SOCIETAL PROCESSES

RALF DAHRENDORF’S THEORY OF GROUP CONFLICT

CONFLICT GROUPS

CLASS CONFLICT IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF CLASS CONFLICT

THE MULTIPLICITY OF CONFLICT GROUPS

C. WRIGHT MILLS

THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS

THE POWER ELITE

SHIFTS IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE POWER ELITE

WOMEN IN THE POWER ELITE

THE PASSIVE, MASS SOCIETY

DEPENDENCY THEORY: NEO-MARXIST CRITIQUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT

DEPENDENCY RELATIONS IN ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT

CHALLENGES TO MODERNIZATION THEORY

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

CHAPTER SEVEN EXCHANGE, EXCHANGE NETWORK, AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIES

EXCHANGE THEORY

GEORGE HOMANS: INDIVIDUAL ACTORS IN SOCIAL EXCHANGE

PETER BLAU: SOCIAL EXCHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS

EXCHANGE NETWORK THEORY

POWER AND MISTRUST IN SOCIAL EXCHANGE NETWORKS

THE INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF TRUST

NETWORKS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES

ACTOR–NETWORK THEORY (ANT)

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

MAXIMIZATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTEREST

HUMAN CAPITAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

NEGOTIATING SCARCE RESOURCES

MARRIAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON SELF-INTEREST

ANALYTICAL MARXISM

CLASS LOCATIONS

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY: EXCHANGE THEORY

GLOSSARY: EXCHANGE NETWORK THEORY

GLOSSARY: ACTOR–NETWORK THEORY (ANT)

GLOSSARY: RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

GLOSSARY: ANALYTICAL MARXISM

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER EIGHT SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION

THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF

SOCIALIZATION

BEYOND THE SELF: THE CONVERSATION OF GESTURES

THE PREMISES OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HUMAN INTERACTION

ERVING GOFFMAN: SOCIETY AS RITUALIZED SOCIAL INTERACTION

SOCIAL ROLES

PERFORMANCE PRESSURE

ESTABLISHING THE DEFINITION OF THE SITUATION

INTERACTION RITUALS

NON-VERBAL RITUALIZED INTERACTION

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

TOTAL INSTITUTIONS

MANAGING OUR AUDIENCES

MISREPRESENTATION

STIGMA

PASSING

INSTITUTIONAL FRAME ANALYSIS

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER NINE PHENOMENOLOGY AND ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

PHENOMENOLOGY

EXPERIENCE, MEANING, AND SOCIAL ACTION

HERE-AND-NOW, EVERYDAY REALITY

SHARED, INTERSUBJECTIVE REALITY

EVERYDAY REALITY AS THE SOCIAL REALITY

ORDERED REALITY

PHENOMENOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

THE STRANGER

THE HOMECOMER

SYMBOLIC UNIVERSES

ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SOCIAL REALITY

THE CORONER’S OFFICE: ESTABLISHING HOW INDIVIDUALS DIED AND LIVED

JURORS ACCOMPLISHING REALITY

PRODUCING AN ORDERED REALITY

GENDER AS AN ACCOMPLISHED REALITY

RESEARCHING THE DOING OF REALITY-MAKING

BREACHING EXPERIMENTS

CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY: PHENOMENOLOGY

GLOSSARY: ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TEN FEMINIST THEORIES

CONSCIOUSNESS OF WOMEN’S INEQUALITY

STANDPOINT THEORY: DOROTHY SMITH AND THE RELATIONS OF RULING

ADVERTISING FEMININITY

THE RULES OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN’S STANDPOINT

RULING TEXTS AND THE EXCLUSION OF EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES

KNOWING FROM WITHIN LOCAL EXPERIENCES

WOMEN’S REALITIES

NEGOTIATING TWO WORLDS SIMULTANEOUSLY

A FEMINIST SOCIOLOGY: THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN

DOING ALTERNATIVE SOCIOLOGY

DOROTHY SMITH’S INTEGRATED VISION OF SOCIETAL EQUALITY

MASCULINITY

PATRICIA HILL COLLINS: BLACK WOMEN’S STANDPOINT

BLACK WOMEN’S HISTORY: SLAVERY AND COMMUNITY

CONTROLLING IMAGES OF BLACK WOMEN

CULTURAL OPPRESSION

BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT

SOCIAL INTERSECTIONALITY

ACTIVIST KNOWLEDGE

BLACK BODIES AND SEXUALITY

SEXUAL INTEGRITY

SOCIOLOGY OF EMOTION

ARLIE HOCHSCHILD: EMOTIONAL LABOR

GENDERED DIVISION OF EMOTIONAL LABOR

PAID EMOTIONAL LABOR

THE MANAGEMENT OF FEELINGS

GOING BEYOND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

HOCHSCHILD’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO FEMINIST AND LABOR THEORIES

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ELEVEN MICHEL FOUCAULT THEORIZING SEXUALITY, THE BODY, AND POWER: THEORIZING SEXUALITY, THE BODY, AND POWER

DISCIPLINING THE BODY

BIO-POWER

THE INVENTION OF SEXUALITY

THE PRODUCTION OF BODY DISCOURSE

CONFESSION

PRODUCING TRUTH

SEX AND THE CONFESSING SOCIETY

THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF POWER

MASKING POWER

RESISTING/REPRODUCING POWER

SEXUALITY AND QUEER THEORY

SOCIOLOGY’S HETEROSEXIST BIAS

NORMALIZING HOMOSEXUALITY

PROBLEMATIZING SEXUALITY

THE QUEERING OF SOCIAL THEORY

THE REBELLIOUS CHARACTER OF QUEER THEORY

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWELVE RACE, RACISM, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF RACIAL OTHERNESS

RACIAL OTHERNESS

THE COLOR LINE

THE CREATION OF OTHERNESS

THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF OTHERNESS

SOCIAL CHANGE, RACE, AND RACISM

RACE AND RACISM

CONSTRUING WHITENESS

SLAVERY, COLONIALISM, AND RACIAL FORMATION

CULTURAL HISTORIES AND POST-COLONIAL IDENTITIES

SLAVERY AS SOCIAL DOMINATION, SOCIAL DEATH

WILLIAM DU BOIS: SLAVERY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY

TRANSFORMING RACIAL-SOCIAL INEQUALITY

GENDER EQUALITY

RACE AND CLASS

THE BLACK MIDDLE CLASS

THE BLACK CLASS DIVIDE

RACE, COMMUNITY, AND DEMOCRACY

SCARRING OF BLACK AMERICA

BLACK POPULAR CULTURE

NEW RACIAL POLITICS

CULTURE AND THE NEW RACISM

RACIAL LINES AS CULTURE LINES

NEW RACISM

NEW RACISM AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

RETHINKING RACIAL DIFFERENCE

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE SOCIAL REPRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY: PIERRE BOURDIEU’S THEORY OF CLASS AND CULTURE

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

ECONOMIC CAPITAL

CULTURAL CAPITAL

SOCIAL CAPITAL

ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CAPITAL IN STRATIFYING SOCIETY

FAMILY AND SCHOOL IN THE PRODUCTION OF CULTURAL CAPITAL

BOURDIEU’S IMPACT ON THE SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION

SOCIAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF BOURDIEU’S ANALYSIS

TASTE AND EVERYDAY PRACTICES

THE CLASS CONDITIONING OF TASTE

GENDERED TASTES, GENDERED BODIES

UPPER-CLASS TASTE

THE CULTURE GAME

WORKING-CLASS TASTE

WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?

TASTE IN THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

LINKING MICRO ACTION AND MACRO STRUCTURES

ENDLESS STRATIFICATION

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOURTEEN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN: THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM

MODERN WORLD-ECONOMY

WORLD-SYSTEMS IN CONTRAST TO WORLD-EMPIRES

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM

THE STATE IN THE EXPANSION OF CAPITALISM

CHANGING CONTEXT OF THE CORE–PERIPHERY WORLD

WORLD-ECONOMY CRISIS

CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZING ECONOMIC PROCESSES

THE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION

GLOBAL FINANCIAL CAPITALISM

HIGH-SPEED, AUTOMATED, AND FLUID FINANCE

GLOBAL CITIES AS FINANCIAL CAPITALS

CLASS INEQUALITY

GLOBALIZING POLITICAL PROCESSES: THE CHANGING AUTHORITY OF THE NATION-STATE

ECONOMICS AND POLITICS: THE NEW IMPERIALISM

THE STATE’S NEGOTIATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL FORCES

THE IMPOTENT POST-NATIONAL STATE?

THE DENATIONALIZED STATE

MIGRATION AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION IN A TRANSNATIONAL WORLD

ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENTS

ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY: WALLERSTEIN

GLOSSARY: OTHER RELEVANT CONCEPTS

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

NOTES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIFTEEN MODERNITIES, COSMOPOLITANISM, AND GLOBAL CONSUMER CULTURE

CONTRITE MODERNITY

POST-SECULAR SOCIETY

MULTIPLE MODERNITIES

CHINESE MODERNITY

SOUTH KOREAN MODERNITY

GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY

COSMOPOLITAN MODERNITY

COSMOPOLITAN IMPERATIVES

THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

WHO IS MY NEIGHBOR?

GLOBAL CONSUMER CULTURE

CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION

EVERYDAY CULTURAL REMIX

THE AESTHETICIZATION OF REALITY: LAS VEGAS AND DUBAI

COMMODIFICATION AND SIMULATION

DISEMBEDDEDNESS AND DILEMMAS OF THE SELF

SUMMARY

POINTS TO REMEMBER

GLOSSARY

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

REFERENCES

GLOSSARY

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORISTS AND SELECT KEY WRITINGS

INDEX